Portrait of Lord Melvyn Bragg, host of In Our Time

History

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274 episodes

  1. The Haymarket Affair

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the bombing at a Chicago workers' rally in 1886 and the trial, execution and subsequent pardoning of anarchists blamed for inciting the attack.

    3 October 2024

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    Featuring: Ruth Kinna, Christopher Phelps, Gary Gerstle

     
  2. Benjamin Disraeli

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss one of the most famous politicians of the Victorian age, who broadened his fame and spread his ideas through popular novels.

    19 September 2024

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    Featuring: Lawrence Goldman, Emily Jones, Daisy Hay

     
  3. The Orkneyinga Saga

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the myth and history in the Saga of the Earls of Orkney as they fought to control some of the most strategically important islands around Britain.

    06 June 2024

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    Featuring: Judith Jesch, Jane Harrison, Alex Woolf

     
  4. Marsilius of Padua

    Melvyn Bragg & guests discuss one of the first to argue that political power came from the people, not from God or hereditary monarchy, and they could elect or remove their rulers.

    30 May 2024

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    Featuring: Annabel Brett, George Garnett, Serena Ferente

     
  5. Empress Dowager Cixi

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the woman who arrived at the Chinese court as a concubine only to become its most powerful figure for the final 50 years of Qing imperial rule.

    23 May 2024

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    Featuring: Yangwen Zheng, Rana Mitter, Ronald Po

     
  6. Napoleon's Hundred Days

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Napoleon Bonaparte's astonishing return to power in France from exile on Elba in 1815 and how that galvanised the Allies into facing him at Waterloo

    18 April 2024

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    Featuring: Michael Rowe, Katherine Astbury, Zack White

     
  7. Julian the Apostate

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the philosopher-emperor of Rome who sought to undo the empire's ties with Christianity in the 4th century AD and promote paganism

    21 March 2024

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    Featuring: James Corke-Webster, Lea Niccolai, Shaun Tougher

     
  8. The Mokrani Revolt

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss when Algerians tried to take advantage of French defeat in Europe in 1871 and drive the colonists out, inspiring the later independence movement.

    07 March 2024

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    Featuring: Natalya Benkhaled-Vince, Hannah-Louise Clark, Jim House

     
  9. The Sack of Rome 1527

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the slaughter and chaos as a hungry army of the Holy Roman Emperor swarmed through Rome, holding the pope hostage and weakening the Papal States.

    22 February 2024

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    Featuring: Stephen Bowd, Jessica Goethals, Catherine Fletcher

     
  10. The Hanseatic League

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Hanseatic League or Hansa which dominated North European and Baltic trade in the medieval period.

    1 February 2024

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    Featuring: Justyna Wubs-Mrozewicz, Georg Christ, Sheilagh Ogilvie

     
  11. Nefertiti

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss how the discovery of the bust of Nefertiti in 1912 has shaped ideas about her and about life in ancient Egypt and the royal city of Amarna.

    18 January 2024

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    Featuring: Aidan Dodson, Joyce Tyldesley, Kate Spence

     
  12. Tiberius

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the means by which Tiberius became the first Roman to succeed an Emperor and his reputation for financial prudence, cruelty and breeding paranoia.

    14 December 2023

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    Featuring: Matthew Nicholls, Shushma Malik, Catherine Steel

     
  13. Marguerite de Navarre

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Marguerite, Queen of Navarre (1492 – 1549), author of the Heptaméron, a major literary landmark in the French Renaissance.

    23 November 2023

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    Featuring: Sara Barker, Emily Butterworth, Emma Herdman

     
  14. The Theory of the Leisure Class

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Thorstein Veblen's critique of wasteful capitalism, as he saw it, in America's Gilded Age with conspicuous leisure and conspicuous consumption.

    16 November 2023

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    Featuring: Matthew Watson, Bill Waller, Mary Wrenn

     
  15. The Barbary Corsairs

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the sailors from around Europe and North Africa, licensed by the Barbary States to capture people to be sold into slavery until the 19th century.

    09 November 2023

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    Featuring: Joanna Nolan, Claire Norton, Michael Talbot

     
  16. The Federalist Papers

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the essays written in 1787/8 by some of the authors of the US Constitution which offer insight into the interpretation of the Constitution.

    12 October 2023

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    Featuring: Frank Cogliano, Kathleen Burk, Nicholas Guyatt

     
  17. The Economic Consequences of the Peace

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the book that popularised the idea the Treaty of Versailles was disastrous, supporting the argument of Germany in the 1930s and feeding appeasement.

    28 September 2023

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    Featuring: Margaret MacMillan, Michael Cox, Patricia Clavin

     
  18. Louis XIV: The Sun King

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the life and reign of the French king who built Versailles and took on the personal rule of his kingdom, becoming known as an absolute monarch.

    25 May 2023

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    Featuring: Catriona Seth, Guy Rowlands, Penny Roberts

     
  19. The Shimabara Rebellion

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the 1637-8 Christian uprising in Japan, which led the Shogun to close the country to foreigners for the next 250 years.

    11 May 2023

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    Featuring: Satona Suzuki, Erica Baffelli, Christopher Harding

     
  20. The Battle of Crécy

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the brutal 1346 conflict between the French army, led by Philip VI, and the English, under Edward III, after years of simmering tension.

    13 April 2023

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    Featuring: Anne Curry, Andrew Ayton, Erika Graham-Goering

     
  21. Cnut

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Danish prince who became King of England in 1016, and restored stability and prosperity to the troubled country he inherited.

    6 April 2023

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    Featuring: Erin Goeres, Pragya Vohra, Elizabeth Tyler

     
  22. Solon the Lawgiver

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the statesman and poet whose political and legal reforms transformed Athens in the 6th century BC.

    23 March 2023

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    Featuring: Melissa Lane, Hans van Wees, William Allan

     
  23. Mercantilism

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the system of economic thinking which dominated Europe between the 16th and 18th centuries.

    16 March 2023

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    Featuring: D'Maris Coffman, Craig Muldrew, Helen Paul

     
  24. Megaliths

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss what we know about ancient stones placed in the landscape and stone monuments, which are often visually striking and can be up to 6,000 years old.

    2 Mar 2023

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    Featuring: Vicki Cummings, Julian Thomas, Susan Greaney

     
  25. Chartism

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the 19th-century campaign for greater democracy: the changes demanded in the People's Charter included votes for all men and secret ballots.

    9 Feb 2023

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    Featuring: Joan Allen, Emma Griffin, Robert Saunders

     
  26. Tycho Brahe

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the innovative 16th-century Danish astronomer, renowned for the accuracy of his observations, all taken before the invention of the telescope.

    2 February 2023

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    Featuring: Ole Grell, Adam Mosley, Emma Perkins

     
  27. The Great Stink

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the impact of the terrible stench of sewage in the Thames in central London in the hot summer of 1858 and the work of Joseph Bazalgette to fix it.

    29 December 2022

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    Featuring: Rosemary Ashton, Stephen Halliday, Paul Dobraszczyk

     
  28. The Irish Rebellion of 1798

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the uprising in 1798 led by the United Irishmen, who were inspired by American and French revolutions, and the impact this had across Ireland.

    8 December 2022

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    Featuring: Ian McBride, Catriona Kennedy, Liam Chambers

     
  29. Demosthenes' Philippics

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the ferocious speeches Demosthenes gave to stir up his fellow Athenians against their enemy Philip II of Macedon and so abandon appeasement.

    17 November 2022

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    Featuring: Paul Cartledge, Kathryn Tempest, Jon Hesk

     
  30. The Morant Bay Rebellion

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss why people in Jamaica protested in 1865, why the British governor killed so many in response and what then changed on both sides of the Atlantic.

    3 November 2022

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    Featuring: Matthew J Smith, Diana Paton, Lawrence Goldman

     
  31. The Knights Templar

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the growth and great military and financial strength of the famous order whose knights had a mission to protect pilgrims in the Holy Land.

    6 October 2022

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    Featuring: Helen Nicholson, Mike Carr, Jonathan Phillips

     
  32. Angkor Wat

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the astonishing and massive Cambodian temple commissioned by Suryavarman II in the 12th century, a centre for Hinduism, Buddhism and Animism.

    23 June 2022

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    Featuring: Piphal Heng, Ashley Thompson, Simon Warrack

     
  33. Jan Amos Komenský

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Czech man who tried to use education to build a better understanding between the peoples of Europe who were otherwise divided by religious wars.

    19 May 2022

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    Featuring: Vladimir Urbanek, Suzanna Ivanic, Howard Hotson

     
  34. The Davidian Revolution

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss great changes in Scotland associated with David I, from the founding of trading towns such as Edinburgh to new monasteries and new ways of governing

    5 May 2022

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    Featuring: Richard Oram, Alice Taylor, Alex Woolf

     
  35. Olympe de Gouges

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the life, ideas and works of the Frenchwoman who wrote The Declaration of the Rights of Woman in 1791 during the French Revolution

    21 April 2022

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    Featuring: Catriona Seth, Katherine Astbury, Sanja Perovic

     
  36. Homo erectus

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss one of our ancestors whose span on Earth extended at least five times more than Homo sapiens has so far, and who was found from Africa to Asia.

    14 April 2022

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    Featuring: Peter Kjærgaard, José Joordens, Mark Maslin

     
  37. The Arthashastra

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the ancient Indian Sanskrit text the Arthashastra.

    3 March 2022

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    Featuring: Jessica Frazier, James Hegarty, Deven Patel

     
  38. Peter Kropotkin

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the life and ideas of the Russian prince who became an anarchist and who argued that mutual aid was the key to evolution not survival of the fittest

    24 February 2022

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    Featuring: Ruth Kinna, Lee Dugatkin, Simon Dixon

     
  39. The Temperance Movement

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the British experience of teetotalism from the early 19th Century when abstaining from alcohol was a way for the new urban workers to get on in life.

    3 February 2022

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    Featuring: Annemarie McAllister, James Kneale, David Buckingham

     
  40. The Gold Standard

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the age of gold, from 1870, when many nations tied their currencies to gold in the hope of economic stability and increasing trade around the world

    20 January 2022

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    Featuring: Catherine Schenk, Helen Paul, Matthias Morys

     
  41. The Hittites

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the empire based in the Land of Hatti during the Late Bronze Age, in modern Turkey, and the discoveries there over the last century.

    23 December 2021

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    Featuring: Claudia Glatz, Ilgi Gercek, Christoph Bachhuber

     
  42. The May Fourth Movement

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the upheaval in China in 1919 after humiliation in the Versailles Treaty and the sharing of ideas that led to the foundation of the Communist Party.

    9 December 2021

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    Featuring: Rana Mitter, Elisabeth Forster, Song-Chuan Chen

     
  43. The Battle of Trafalgar

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Nelson's decisive naval victory in 1805, long celebrated in Britain and remembered as a watershed in Spain yet overshadowed in France by Austerlitz.

    2 December 2021

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    Featuring: James Davey, Marianne Czisnik, Kenneth Johnson

     
  44. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the rise and fall of the largest republic in Europe, which for centuries elected its kings to rule alongside parliament and avoided religious wars.

    14 October 2021

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    Featuring: Robert I. Frost, Katarzyna Kosior, Norman Davies

     
  45. The Manhattan Project

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss how the discovery of nuclear fission in Germany led quickly to the development of the first atom bomb in the USA and its lethal use over Japan

    7 October 2021

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    Featuring: Bruce Cameron Reed, Cynthia Kelly, Frank Close

     
  46. Herodotus

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Greek writer whose Histories aimed to 'preserve the great and marvellous deeds of Greeks and barbarians, especially why they fought each other'.

    23 September 2021

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    Featuring: Tom Harrison, Esther Eidinow, Paul Cartledge

     
  47. Edward Gibbon

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the life and ideas of the writer of The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, one of the most celebrated works of its kind.

    17 June 2021

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    Featuring: David Womersley, Charlotte Roberts, Karen O'Brien

     
  48. Booth's Life and Labour Survey

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Charles Booth's ambitious project to discover how many people in late Victorian London were living in poverty, and understand why

    10 June 2021

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    Featuring: Emma Griffin, Sarah Wise, Lawrence Goldman

     
  49. The Interregnum

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the unstable rule in England between the execution of Charles I and restoration of Charles II and the impact in Scotland and, infamously, Ireland

    27 May 2021

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    Featuring: Clare Jackson, Micheál Ó Siochrú, Laura Stewart

     
  50. The Second Barons' War

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the vicious war (1264-7) that followed Simon de Montfort's seizure of power from Henry III and his family while supporting new, broader parliaments.

    6 May 2021

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    Featuring: David Carpenter, Louise Wilkinson, Sophie Thérèse Ambler

     
  51. Ovid

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Roman poet whose influence is arguably greater than any poet of the classical age, besides Homer, even though his writing led to his exile.

    29 April 2021

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    Featuring: Maria Wyke, Gail Trimble, Dunstan Lowe

     
  52. The Franco-American Alliance 1778

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss why France supported the USA in its revolutionary war against Britain and how that related to the French Revolution a few years later.

    22 April 2021

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    Featuring: Frank Cogliano, Kathleen Burk, Michael Rapport

     
  53. Pierre-Simon Laplace

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the great French mathematician who tackled questions on the stability of the Solar System and planet rotation and devised the basis for metrication

    8 April 2021

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    Featuring: Marcus du Sautoy, Timothy Gowers, Colva Roney-Dougal

     
  54. The Russo-Japanese War

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Japan's unexpected victory over Russia in 1904-5 which gave Japan a new status in the world and pushed Russia into revolution.

    1 April 2021

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    Featuring: Simon Dixon, Naoko Shimazu, Oleg Benesch

     
  55. David Ricardo

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Ricardo's argument that Britain's economy was being held back by the interests of landlords and protectionism, and his call for free trade.

    25 March 2021

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    Featuring: Matthew Watson, Helen Paul, Richard Whatmore

     
  56. Marcus Aurelius

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the life, meditations and reputation of this stoic and philosopher king, who Machiavelli called the last of the 'Five Good Emperors'.

    25 February 2021

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    Featuring: Simon Goldhill, Angie Hobbs, Catharine Edwards

     
  57. The Cultural Revolution

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the decade of upheaval in China under Mao's revolt within his own party, led at first by the Red Guards, from 1966 until his death in 1976

    17 December 2020

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    Featuring: Rana Mitter, Sun Peidong, Julia Lovell

     
  58. Zong Massacre

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the drowning of 132 enslaved Africans, purportedly as there was not enough drinking water to go round. The owners profited; nobody was prosecuted.

    26 November 2020

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    Featuring: Vincent Brown, Bronwen Everill, Jake Subryan Richards

     
  59. Maria Theresa

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the reign of the Empress who upended the European order while strengthening Austria through reforms, alliances and strategic marriages.

    22 October 2020

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    Featuring: Catriona Seth, Martyn Rady, Thomas Biskup

     
  60. Cave Art

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the cave peoples, human or Neanderthal, who made hand outlines, abstract symbols and multicoloured images of prey animals in the Stone Age.

    24 September 2020

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    Featuring: Alistair Pike, Chantal Conneller, Paul Pettitt

     
  61. Pericles

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the life and influence of the most powerful statesman in the new democracy of Athens, flourishing between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars.

    17 September 2020

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    Featuring: Edith Hall, Paul Cartledge, Peter Liddel

     
  62. The Covenanters

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Scottish Presbyterian pledges to advance their beliefs in the face of episcopacy and Roman Catholicism, and their impact across Britain and Ireland.

    12 March 2020

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    Featuring: Roger Mason, Laura Stewart, Scott Spurlock

     
  63. Valladolid Debate

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the influential debate in 1550 over whether it was right or not to enslave the people who lived on Spain's newly conquered land in the Americas.

    20 February 2020

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    Featuring: Caroline Dodds Pennock, John Edwards, Julia McClure

     
  64. Battle of the Teutoburg Forest

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Germanic tribes' destruction of three legions of the Roman general Varus in 9 AD, so limiting the expansion of the Roman Empire across the Rhine

    13 February 2020

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    Featuring: Matthew Nicholls, Ellen O'Gorman, Peter Heather

     
  65. Alcuin

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the cleric, educator and poet from York who put learning for its own sake at the heart of the Carolingian Renaissance

    30 January 2020

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    Featuring: Joanna Story, Andy Orchard, Mary Garrison

     
  66. The Siege of Paris (1870-71)

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Prussian siege of Paris from 1870 and the Commune which emerged, until that was violently suppressed by French forces in 1871

    16 January 2020

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    Featuring: Karine Varley, Robert Gildea, Julia Nicholls

     
  67. Tutankhamun

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the the work of Howard Carter's team in 1922, and the extraordinary contents of Tutankhamun's tomb and what it revealed of Egyptian history

    26 December 2019

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    Featuring: Elizabeth Frood, Christina Riggs, John Taylor

     
  68. Coffee

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the history of coffee, from its origins in Ethiopia to its role in the spread of ideas, its part in the slave trade and its social impact.

    12 December 2019

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    Featuring: Judith Hawley, Markman Ellis, Jonathan Morris

     
  69. Lawrence of Arabia

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Lawrence of Arabia, the legend and its context, an idea drawn from over 1200 suggested by listeners this autumn

    5 December 2019

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    Featuring: Hussein Omar, Catriona Pennell, Neil Faulkner

     
  70. Li Shizhen

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the work of the Chinese doctor who investigated natural remedies, under the Ming, and compiled the greatest collection of treatments of his time

    28 November 2019

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    Featuring: Craig Clunas, Anne Gerritsen, Roel Sterckx

     
  71. Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the most powerful queen in the Kingdom of Jerusalem in C12th, after the First Crusade, ruling with her husband Fulk and then their son Baldwin III

    21 November 2019

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    Featuring: Natasha Hodgson, Katherine Lewis, Danielle Park

     
  72. The Treaty of Limerick

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the impact of the treaty ending the Williamite War in 1691, with the disbanding of the Jacobite army and assertion of rights for the defeated gentry

    7 November 2019

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    Featuring: Jane Ohlmeyer, Clare Jackson, Thomas O'Connor

     
  73. Napoleon's Retreat from Moscow

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss why Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812, thought he was victorious yet had to retreat, losing most of his army and, soon after, his empire.

    19 September 2019

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    Featuring: Janet Hartley, Michael Rowe, Michael Rapport

     
  74. Doggerland

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the growing understanding of the humans, plants and animals once living on land now under the North Sea, submerged in the Stone Age.

    27 June 2019

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    Featuring: Vincent Gaffney, Carol Cotterill, Rachel Bynoe

     
  75. The Mytilenaean Debate

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Athenians' vote to kill all the men of Mytilene, then their change of mind next day and their race to stop the first vote being implemented.

    20 June 2019

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    Featuring: Angela Hobbs, Lisa Irene Hau, Paul Cartledge

     
  76. The Inca

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the South American people who dominated from the Andes to the Pacific coast until the arrival of the Spanish Conquistadors.

    13 June 2019

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    Featuring: Frank Meddens, Helen Cowie, Bill Sillar

     
  77. President Ulysses S Grant

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Grant's role in rebuilding America in the decade after the Civil War and his impact on African-Americans and Native Americans.

    30 May 2019

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    Featuring: Erik Mathisen, Susan-Mary Grant, Robert Cook

     
  78. The Gordon Riots

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss why a Westminster protest against 'Popery' in June 1780 led to widespread rioting across London, lethally suppressed.

    2 May 2019

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    Featuring: Ian Haywood, Catriona Kennedy, Mark Knights

     
  79. Nero

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the reputation of Nero, popular with his subjects but vilified in his lifetime and after and associated with the Beast in the Book of Revelation.

    25 April 2019

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    Featuring: Maria Wyke, Matthew Nicholls, Shushma Malik

     
  80. The Great Irish Famine

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss why so many were vulnerable to the failure of the potato crops in Ireland in the 1840s, what relief was given and why so many died or left.

    4 April 2019

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    Featuring: Cormac O'Grada, Niamh Gallagher, Enda Delaney

     
  81. The Danelaw

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss how a series of Danish invasions, settlements and battles with Anglo-Saxons changed England in the 9th and 10th centuries.

    28 March 2019

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    Featuring: Judith Jesch, John Hines, Jane Kershaw

     
  82. William Cecil

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the life and influence of the 1st Baron Burghley, Elizabeth I's powerful Secretary of State who advanced England's interests throughout her reign

    7 March 2019

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    Featuring: Diarmaid MacCulloch, Susan Doran, John Guy

     
  83. Antarah ibn Shaddad

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the poetry of Antarah (525-608AD), his historical context before Islam, how his work relates to other poets in that period, and his legacy

    28 February 2019

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    Featuring: James Montgomery, Marlé Hammond, Harry Munt

     
  84. Owain Glyndŵr

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the man behind a major revolt against England, from 1400-1412, taking control of large areas of Wales until defeated by the future Henry V

    31 January 2019

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    Featuring: Huw Pryce, Helen Fulton, Chris Given-Wilson

     
  85. The Poor Laws

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the 19th century legislation intended to discourage poor people from seeking relief instead of work, with handouts replaced by the workhouse

    20 December 2018

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    Featuring: Emma Griffin, Samantha Shave, Steven King

     
  86. The Thirty Years War

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss a topic suggested by listeners: the war which was centred on the Holy Roman Empire from 1618 and was unequalled in scale until C20th

    6 December 2018

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    Featuring: Peter Wilson, Ulinka Rublack, Toby Osborne

     
  87. The Long March

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the history and symbolism of the Chinese Red Army's escape from the Kuomintang in 1934/5 and Mao Zedong's emergence from it as the future leader

    29 November 2018

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    Featuring: Rana Mitter, Sun Shuyun, Julia Lovell

     
  88. Horace

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Horace, one of the greatest poets of his age, the origin of phrases such as carpe diem, nil desperandum and dulce et decorum est pro patria mori.

    15 November 2018

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    Featuring: Emily Gowers, William Fitzgerald, Ellen O'Gorman

     
  89. Marie Antoinette

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Austrian princess who, while still a child, married the future Louis XVI of France only to face hostility and death under the French Revolution.

    8 November 2018

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    Featuring: Catriona Seth, Katherine Astbury, David McCallam

     
  90. The Fable of the Bees

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Bernard Mandeville's scandalous and influential work on private vices and public benefits, published first as The Grumbling Hive, a poem, in 1705.

    25 October 2018

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    Featuring: David Wootton, Helen Paul, John Callanan

     
  91. Is Shakespeare History? The Romans

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Shakespeare's treatment of Roman history, where he had scope to explore ideas too threatening for English histories.

    18 October 2018

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    Featuring: Jonathan Bate, Catherine Steel, Patrick Gray

     
  92. Is Shakespeare History? The Plantagenets

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Shakespeare's treatment of English Plantagenet history from Richard II to Richard III and all the Henrys in between, written under Elizabeth I.

    11 October 2018

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    Featuring: Emma J. Smith, Gordon McMullan, Katherine Lewis

     
  93. The Mexican-American War

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the 1846-48 American war against Mexico, in which America won over a million square kilometres of Mexican territory, including California.

    28 June 2018

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    Featuring: Frank Cogliano, Jacqueline Fear-Segal, Thomas Rath

     
  94. Montesquieu

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the ideas of the French political philosopher (1689-1755) whose work on liberty and republicanism, banned at home, influenced the US constitution.

    14 June 2018

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    Featuring: Richard Bourke, Rachel Hammersley, Richard Whatmore

     
  95. Persepolis

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the 'City of the Persians' that flourished for almost 200 years from the reign of Darius I until its destruction by Alexander III of Macedon.

    7 June 2018

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    Featuring: Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones, Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, Lindsay Allen

     
  96. Margaret of Anjou

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss how the Queen of England fought to hold on to power for the sake of her son, when her husband's mental illness made him unable to rule.

    25 May 2018

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    Featuring: Katherine Lewis, James Ross, Joanna Laynesmith

     
  97. The Emancipation of the Serfs

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Tsar Alexander II's 1861 decree that freed 30 million Russians from serfdom, an act of reform that followed Russia's defeat in the Crimean War.

    17 May 2018

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    Featuring: Sarah Hudspith, Simon Dixon, Shane O'Rourke

     
  98. The Almoravid Empire

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Berber people who dominated the western Maghreb and the south of the Iberian Peninsula from C11th, defending Al-Andalus from Christian attack.

    3 May 2018

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    Featuring: Amira Bennison, Nicola Clarke, Hugh Kennedy

     
  99. Roman Slavery

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the impact that slaves had on the Roman Republic and Empire and the impact the Romans had on slaves, from the first conquests to the fall of Rome.

    5 April 2018

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    Featuring: Neville Morley, Ulrike Roth, Myles Lavan

     
  100. Tocqueville: Democracy in America

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Alexis de Tocqueville and his study of the American democratic system, written as an example to France of how democracy might develop there.

    22 March 2018

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    Featuring: Robert Gildea, Susan-Mary Grant, Jeremy Jennings

     
  101. The Highland Clearances

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the causes and impact of the waves of migrations and evictions of people in the Highlands and Western Isles from the mid-18th century onwards.

    8 March 2018

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    Featuring: Tom Devine, Marjory Harper, Murray Pittock

     
  102. Sun Tzu and The Art of War

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Chinese military adviser Sun Tzu from the 6th century BC and the influential work of military strategy associated with him, The Art of War.

    1 March 2018

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    Featuring: Hilde de Weerdt, Tim Barrett, Imre Galambos

     
  103. Frederick Douglass

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the life and ideas of the prominent abolitionist, who in 1845 told his story in Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave.

    9 February 2018

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    Featuring: Celeste-Marie Bernier, Karen Salt, Nicholas Guyatt

     
  104. The Siege of Malta, 1565

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the fierce contest for Malta, which the Ottomans tried to prise from the Knights Hospitaller who they they had already driven from Rhodes in 1522.

    11 January 2018

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    Featuring: Helen Nicholson, Diarmaid MacCulloch, Kate Fleet

     
  105. Thomas Becket

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Thomas Becket, chancellor turned archbishop, who was murdered in Canterbury Cathedral and whose tomb became a centre of pilgrimage across Europe.

    14 December 2017

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    Featuring: Laura Ashe, Michael Staunton, Danica Summerlin

     
  106. Thebes

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the myths of the ancient Greek city of Thebes, as told by Athenian dramatists, and the times when Thebes dominated Greek history.

    23 November 2017

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    Featuring: Edith Hall, Samuel Gartland, Paul Cartledge

     
  107. The Picts

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Picts who, according to Bede, formed one of the five nations of Britain, with the English, Britons, Scots and Latins, but who disappeared.

    9 November 2017

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    Featuring: Katherine Forsyth, Alex Woolf, Gordon Noble

     
  108. Picasso's Guernica

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Pablo Picasso's Guernica, which he painted in 1937 soon after the bombing of that Basque town in the Spanish Civil War, and its wider context.

    2 November 2017

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    Featuring: Mary Vincent, Gijs van Hensbergen, Dacia Viejo Rose

     
  109. The Congress of Vienna

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the peace plan for Europe after the Napoleonic Wars, with the redrawing of borders and balancing of the great powers so that none would be dominant.

    19 October 2017

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    Featuring: Tim Blanning, Kathleen Burk, John Bew

     
  110. Constantine the Great

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Constantine the Great, the Roman emperor who made Constantinople his capital rather than Rome and who legalised Christianity across the Empire.

    5 October 2017

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    Featuring: Christopher Kelly, Lucy Grig, Greg Woolf

     
  111. The American Populists

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the C19th MidWest and Southern farmers' struggle for a better deal, claiming they suffered while industry and railroads thrived at their expense.

    15 June 2017

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    Featuring: Lawrence Goldman, Mara Keire, Christopher Phelps

     
  112. The Battle of Lincoln 1217

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the battle at Lincoln on 20th May 1217 between the forces of the boy-king Henry III, led by William Marshal, and supporters of Louis of France.

    4 May 2017

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    Featuring: Louise Wilkinson, Stephen Church, Thomas Asbridge

     
  113. The Egyptian Book of the Dead

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss The Book of the Dead, an ancient Egyptian collection of spells intended to assist the journey of the deceased through the underworld.

    27 April 2017

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    Featuring: John Taylor, Kate Spence, Richard Parkinson

     
  114. Roger Bacon

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss medieval English scholar Roger Bacon, an early pioneer of science who became known as Doctor Mirabilis.

    20 April 2017

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    Featuring: Jack Cunningham, Amanda Power, Elly Truitt

     
  115. Rosa Luxemburg

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Rosa Luxemburg, 'Red Rosa', a leading revolutionary and agitator in Poland and Germany until her arrest and murder in the Spartacus Revolt 1919.

    13 April 2017

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    Featuring: Jacqueline Rose, Mark Jones, Nadine Rossol

     
  116. The Battle of Salamis

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss The Battle of Salamis, 480BC, often called one of the most significant battles in history, in which the Greek fleet defeated the Persians.

    23 March 2017

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    Featuring: Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones, Lindsay Allen, Paul Cartledge

     
  117. Seneca the Younger

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Seneca: philosopher, playwright, tutor to Nero, one of the first great writers born in the new Roman empire after the fall of the Republic.

    23 February 2017

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    Featuring: Mary Beard, Catharine Edwards, Alessandro Schiesaro

     
  118. Mary, Queen of Scots

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the history of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, who might have united the French, English and Scottish thrones.

    19 January 2017

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    Featuring: David Forsyth, Anna Groundwater, John Guy

     
  119. Johannes Kepler

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the German astronomer Johannes Kepler.

    29 December 2016

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    Featuring: David Wootton, Ulinka Rublack, Adam Mosley

     
  120. The Gin Craze

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the economic and social factors that led to the craze for gin in the 18th century and the moves to control it

    15 December 2016

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    Featuring: Angela McShane, Judith Hawley, Emma Major

     
  121. Harriet Martineau

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Harriet Martineau who wrote extensively in the C19th on a wide range of subjects including abolition, and is called the mother of sociology.

    8 December 2016

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    Featuring: Valerie Sanders, Karen O'Brien, Ella Dzelzainis

     
  122. Garibaldi and the Risorgimento

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Giuseppe Garibaldi and his role in unifying Italy which, with his Red Shirts, he achieved substantially in 1861 and entirely in 1870.

    1 December 2016

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    Featuring: Lucy Riall, Eugenio Biagini, David Laven

     
  123. Baltic Crusades

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the fight, led by orders such as the Teutonic Knights and supported by the popes, to convert pagans in what became known as the Baltic Crusades.

    24 November 2016

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    Featuring: Aleks Pluskowski, Nora Berend, Martin Palmer

     
  124. Justinian's Legal Code

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss legal ideas developed under Byzantine emperor Justinian I in the C6th AD, which influenced the evolution of law in much of Western civilisation.

    17 November 2016

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    Featuring: Caroline Humfress, Simon Corcoran, Paul du Plessis

     
  125. The Fighting Temeraire

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss The Fighting Temeraire, JMW Turner's painting of a famous ship from the Battle of Trafalgar on its way to a breakers' yard on the Thames.

    10 November 2016

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    Featuring: Susan Foister, David Blayney Brown, James Davey

     
  126. Epic of Gilgamesh

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Gilgamesh Epic, often described as the earliest surviving great work of literature, with origins in Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BC.

    3 November 2016

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    Featuring: Andrew George, Frances Reynolds, Martin Worthington

     
  127. John Dalton

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss scientist John Dalton, who pioneered the development of atomic theory and carried out research into meteorology and colour blindness.

    27 October 2016

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    Featuring: Jim Bennett, Aileen Fyfe, James Sumner

     
  128. The 12th Century Renaissance

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the origins and impact of the philosophical, scientific, religious and architectural changes of the 12th century in western Europe.

    20 October 2016

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    Featuring: Laura Ashe, Elisabeth van Houts, Giles Gasper

     
  129. The Bronze Age Collapse

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Bronze Age collapse, the term used to describe what many perceive as sudden, chaotic change around 1200 BC, mainly in the eastern Mediterranean.

    16 June 2016

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    Featuring: Linda Hulin, Simon Stoddart

     
  130. Margery Kempe and English Mysticism

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Margery Kempe (1373-1438), the English mystic who went to Jerusalem and dictated her life story, said to be the first autobiography in English.

    2 June 2016

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    Featuring: Miri Rubin, Katherine Lewis, Anthony Bale

     
  131. The Gettysburg Address

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address of 1863, one of the most influential statements of national purpose.

    26 May 2016

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    Featuring: Catherine Clinton, Susan-Mary Grant, Tim Lockley

     
  132. Titus Oates and his 'Popish Plot'

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Titus Oates and his role in starting and spreading rumours of a 'Popish Plot' against Charles II.

    12 May 2016

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    Featuring: Clare Jackson, Mark Knights, Peter Hinds

     
  133. 1816, the Year Without a Summer

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the link between the eruption of Mt Tambora in 1815, the largest and most lethal in recorded history, with famines in Europe and America in 1816.

    21 April 2016

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    Featuring: Clive Oppenheimer, Jane Stabler, Lawrence Goldman

     
  134. The Sikh Empire

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the rise of the Sikh empire under Ranjit Singh, who became Maharaja of the Punjab at Lahore in 1801 and united most of the Sikh kingdoms.

    7 April 2016

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    Featuring: Gurharpal Singh, Chandrika Kaul, Susan Stronge

     
  135. Agrippina the Younger

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Roman empress Agrippina the Younger, one of the most notorious and influential of the Roman empresses in the 1st century AD.

    31 March 2016

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    Featuring: Catharine Edwards, Alice König, Matthew Nicholls

     
  136. Bedlam

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the early years of Europe's oldest psychiatric hospital, which opened as St Mary of Bethlehem outside Bishopsgate and soon became known as Bedlam.

    17 March 2016

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    Featuring: Hilary Marland, Justin Champion, Jonathan Andrews

     
  137. The Maya Civilization

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Maya civilization in central America, from consolidation of power in the great cities after AD250 to their abandonment by the 16th century.

    10 March 2016

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    Featuring: Elizabeth Graham, Matthew Restall, Benjamin Vis

     
  138. The Dutch East India Company

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Dutch East India Company, which dominated the Asian spice trade in the 17th century and is sometimes called the first multinational corporation.

    3 March 2016

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    Featuring: Anne Goldgar, Chris Nierstrasz, Helen Paul

     
  139. Eleanor of Aquitaine

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Eleanor of Aquitaine (c1122-1204), who was a ruler in her own right as well as married to the king of France and then to the king of England.

    28 January 2016

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    Featuring: Lindy Grant, Nicholas Vincent, Julie Barrau

     
  140. Thomas Paine's Common Sense

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Thomas Paine's pamphlet Common Sense, which was published in 1776 and bolstered support for American independence.

    21 January 2016

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    Featuring: Kathleen Burk, Nicholas Guyatt, Peter Thompson

     
  141. Voyages of James Cook

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the science behind Capt James Cook's three voyages of discovery, from 1768 to 1779, one of over a thousand ideas suggested by listeners.

    3 December 2015

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    Featuring: Simon Schaffer, Rebekah Higgitt, Sophie Forgan

     
  142. The Salem Witch Trials

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Salem witch trials of 1692 and 1693, which led to the execution of 20 people in the New England colony of Massachusetts.

    29 November 2015

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    Featuring: Susan Castillo, Simon Middleton, Marion Gibson

     
  143. The Battle of Lepanto

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the sea battle of Lepanto, in which the Christian forces of the Holy League defeated the Ottoman fleet of Selim II in 1571.

    12 November 2015

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    Featuring: Diarmaid MacCulloch, Kate Fleet, Noel Malcolm

     
  144. The Empire of Mali

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the empire of Mali, famous for the wealth of its rulers such as Mansa Musa and the largest empire in west Africa.

    29 October 2015

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    Featuring: Amira Bennison, Marie Rodet, Kevin MacDonald

     
  145. Holbein at the Tudor Court

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Hans Holbein's role in the Tudor Court, painting Henry VIII as he asserted himself as supreme head of the Church during the Reformation.

    15 October 2015

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    Featuring: Susan Foister, John Guy, Maria Hayward

     
  146. Alexander the Great

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the life and legacy of Alexander the Great, king of Macedon and conqueror of the Persian Empire.

    1 October 2015

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    Featuring: Paul Cartledge, Diana Spencer, Rachel Mairs

     
  147. Frederick the Great

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Frederick II, king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786.

    2 July 2015

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    Featuring: Tim Blanning, Katrin Kohl, Thomas Biskup

     
  148. Prester John

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Prester John, the legendary Christian king said to rule over a lost nation in 'The Indies' and ready to support Christians in Europe.

    4 June 2015

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    Featuring: Marianne O'Doherty, Martin Palmer, Amanda Power

     
  149. Josephus

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Flavius Josephus, author of The Jewish War.

    21 May 2015

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    Featuring: Tessa Rajak, Philip Alexander, Martin Goodman

     
  150. The Lancashire Cotton Famine

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the cotton famine in Lancashire during the American Civil War, when the supply of cotton from the south was blocked and mills closed.

    14 May 2015

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    Featuring: Chandrika Kaul, Emma Griffin, David Brown

     
  151. Rabindranath Tagore

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore, winner of the 1913 Nobel Prize for Literature.

    7 May 2015

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    Featuring: Chandrika Kaul, Bashabi Fraser, John Stevens

     
  152. Matteo Ricci and the Ming dynasty

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss Matteo Ricci's 16th-century mission to Ming Dynasty China, an important early encounter between east and west.

    16 April 2015

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    Featuring: Mary Laven, Craig Clunas, Anne Gerritsen

     
  153. The California Gold Rush

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the California Gold Rush of the 1850s, when a chance discovery of gold led to massive demographic changes to parts of America.

    2 April 2015

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    Featuring: Kathleen Burk, Jacqueline Fear-Segal, Frank Cogliano

     
  154. The Curies

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the scientific achievements of the Curie family, Marie and Pierre and their daughter Irene Joliot-Curie, all three of whom won Nobel Prizes.

    26 March 2015

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    Featuring: Patricia Fara, Robert Fox, Steven T Bramwell

     
  155. The Eunuch

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the history and significance of eunuchs, castrated men who played important roles in many civilisations.

    26 February 2015

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    Featuring: Karen Radner, Shaun Tougher, Michael Hoeckelmann

     
  156. The Wealth of Nations

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss Adam Smith's celebrated economic treatise The Wealth of Nations.

    19 February 2015

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    Featuring: Richard Whatmore, Donald Winch, Helen Paul

     
  157. Ashoka the Great

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the emperor Ashoka the Great, one of the most celebrated rulers in Indian history.

    5 February 2015

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    Featuring: Jessica Frazier, Naomi Appleton, Richard Gombrich

     
  158. Thucydides

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the ancient Greek historian Thucydides and his work entitled The History of the Peloponnesian War.

    29 January 2015

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    Featuring: Paul Cartledge, Katherine Harloe, Neville Morley

     
  159. Brunel

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Isambard Kingdom Brunel, the Victorian engineer responsible for bridges, tunnels and railways still in use today.

    13 November 2014

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    Featuring: Julia Elton, Ben Marsden, Crosbie Smith

     
  160. Hatshepsut

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Hatshepsut, the woman considered one of Egypt's most successful pharaohs.

    6 November 2014

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    Featuring: Elizabeth Frood, Kate Spence, Campbell Price

     
  161. The Haitian Revolution

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Haitian Revolution of 1791-1804.

    23 October 2014

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    Featuring: Kate Hodgson, Tim Lockley, Karen Salt

     
  162. The Battle of Talas

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Battle of Talas, a conflict between Arab and Chinese forces which took place in central Asia in AD751.

    9 October 2014

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    Featuring: Hilde de Weerdt, Michael Höckelmann, Hugh Kennedy

     
  163. Julius Caesar

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the life and reputation of Julius Caesar, one of the most intriguing figures of Roman history.

    2 October 2014

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    Featuring: Christopher Pelling, Catherine Steel, Maria Wyke

     
  164. Hildegard of Bingen

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the medieval mystic, composer and writer Hildegard of Bingen.

    26 June 2014

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    Featuring: Miri Rubin, William Flynn, Almut Suerbaum

     
  165. The Bluestockings

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Bluestockings, a group of prominent women intellectuals in 18th-century England.

    5 June 2014

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    Featuring: Karen O'Brien, Elizabeth Eger, Nicole Pohl

     
  166. The Sino-Japanese War

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Second Sino-Japanese War.

    8 May 2014

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    Featuring: Rana Mitter, Barak Kushner, Tehyun Ma

     
  167. The Domesday Book

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Domesday Book, a vast survey of England and Wales completed in 1086.

    17 April 2014

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    Featuring: Stephen Baxter, Elisabeth van Houts, David Bates

     
  168. Strabo's Geographica

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss Strabo's Geographica, the only surviving work from the ancient world that describes the entire world known to the Greeks and Romans.

    10 April 2014

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    Featuring: Paul Cartledge, Maria Pretzler, Benet Salway

     
  169. Weber's The Protestant Ethic

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss Max Weber's book The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.

    27 March 2014

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    Featuring: Peter Ghosh, Sam Whimster, Linda Woodhead

     
  170. Spartacus

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the life of Spartacus, a Roman gladiator who was involved in a series of slave uprisings against the Roman Republic in the 1st century BC.

    6 March 2014

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    Featuring: Mary Beard, Maria Wyke, Theresa Urbainczyk

     
  171. Chivalry

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss chivalry, which governed the behaviour of the knights of medieval Europe.

    13 February 2014

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    Featuring: Miri Rubin, Matthew Strickland, Laura Ashe

     
  172. The Phoenicians

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Phoenicians, the celebrated maritime traders of the ancient Mediterranean.

    6 February 2014

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    Featuring: Mark Woolmer, Josephine Quinn, Cyprian Broodbank

     
  173. Sources of Early Chinese History

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss early Chinese history and the documents in which it was recorded.

    23 January 2014

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    Featuring: Roel Sterckx, Tim Barrett, Hilde de Weerdt

     
  174. The Battle of Tours

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Battle of Tours of 732, in which a Frankish army led by Charles Martel defeated an invading Arab force.

    16 January 2014

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    Featuring: Hugh N. Kennedy, Rosamond McKitterick, Matthew Innes

     
  175. Plato's Symposium

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss Plato's Symposium, one of the Greek philosopher's best-known works and an influential text about the nature of love.

    3 January 2014

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    Featuring: Angie Hobbs, Richard L. Hunter, Frisbee Sheffield

     
  176. The Medici

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Medici family, who dominated Florence's political and cultural life during the Renaissance.

    26 December 2013

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    Featuring: Evelyn Welch, Robert Black, Catherine Fletcher

     
  177. Pliny the Younger

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Roman lawyer and statesman Pliny the Younger, whose letters offer a fascinating insight into his life and the ancient world.

    12 December 2013

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    Featuring: Catharine Edwards, Roy Gibson, Alice König

     
  178. Pocahontas

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the life of Pocahontas, the 17th-century Native American woman who to English eyes became a symbol of the New World.

    21 November 2013

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    Featuring: Susan Castillo, Tim Lockley, Jacqueline Fear-Segal

     
  179. The Berlin Conference

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Berlin Conference, the international summit which formalised European colonial activity in Africa.

    31 October 2013

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    Featuring: Richard Drayton, Richard Rathbone, Joanna Lewis

     
  180. The Corn Laws

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Corn Laws, cause of one of the most explosive political debates in the 19th century.

    24 October 2013

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    Featuring: Lawrence Goldman, Boyd Hilton, Cheryl Schonhardt-Bailey

     
  181. The Mamluks

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Mamluks, medieval rulers of Egypt and Syria from 1250 to 1517.

    26 September 2013

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    Featuring: Amira Bennison, Robert Irwin, Doris Behrens-Abouseif

     
  182. The Physiocrats

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Physiocrats, an important group of economic thinkers in 18th-century France.

    20 June 2013

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    Featuring: Richard Whatmore, Joel Felix, Helen Paul

     
  183. Queen Zenobia

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss Queen Zenobia, Empress of the Palmyrene Empire and leader of a rebellion against Ancient Rome.

    30 May 2013

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    Featuring: Edith Hall, Kate Cooper, Richard Stoneman

     
  184. The Putney Debates

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Putney Debates of 1647, when factions of the New Model Army considered a possible new constitution for England.

    18 April 2013

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    Featuring: Justin Champion, Ann Hughes, Kate Peters

     
  185. Alfred Russel Wallace

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Victorian pioneer of evolutionary theory Alfred Russel Wallace.

    21 March 2013

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    Featuring: Steve Jones, George Beccaloni, Ted Benton

     
  186. Ice ages

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss ice ages, periods when the temperature of the Earth has dropped to low levels.

    14 February 2013

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    Featuring: Jane Francis, Richard Corfield, Carrie Lear

     
  187. The War of 1812

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the War of 1812, the conflict between America and Great Britain which is sometimes referred to as the second American War of Independence.

    31 January 2013

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    Featuring: Kathleen Burk, Lawrence Goldman, Frank Cogliano

     
  188. The South Sea Bubble

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the South Sea Bubble, the speculation mania in early 18th-century England which ended in the financial ruin of many of its investors.

    20 December 2012

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    Featuring: Anne Murphy, Helen Paul, Roey Sweet

     
  189. The Borgias

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Borgias, the most notorious family in Renaissance Italy, famed for their treachery and corruption under the papacy of Alexander VI.

    22 November 2012

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    Featuring: Evelyn Welch, Catherine Fletcher, Christine Shaw

     
  190. Hannibal

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss Hannibal, the Carthaginian general who famously led an army across the Alps.

    11 October 2012

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    Featuring: Ellen O'Gorman, Mark Woolmer, Louis Rawlings

     
  191. Gerald of Wales

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the medieval scholar Gerald of Wales, the author of colourful and influential works about his journeys around Ireland and Wales.

    4 October 2012

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    Featuring: Henrietta Leyser, Michelle Brown, Huw Pryce

     
  192. The Druids

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Druids, the mysterious priests of ancient Britain, Gaul and Ireland.

    20 September 2012

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    Featuring: Barry Cunliffe, Miranda Aldhouse-Green, Justin Champion

     
  193. Hadrian's Wall

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss Hadrian's Wall, the best known and perhaps most impressive relic of the Roman occupation of Britain.

    12 July 2012

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    Featuring: Greg Woolf, David Breeze, Lindsay Allason-Jones

     
  194. Annie Besant

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the life of 19th-century writer and campaigner Annie Besant.

    21 June 2012

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    Featuring: Lawrence Goldman, David Stack, Yasmin Khan

     
  195. Marco Polo

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the travels of the celebrated Venetian explorer Marco Polo.

    24 May 2012

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    Featuring: Frances Wood, Joan Pau Rubies, Debra Higgs Strickland

     
  196. The Battle of Bosworth Field

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, the celebrated climactic encounter of the Wars of the Roses.

    26 April 2012

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    Featuring: Anne Curry, Stephen Gunn, David Grummitt

     
  197. The An Lushan Rebellion

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the An Lushan Rebellion, a major uprising against the imperial rule of the Chinese Tang Dynasty.

    16 February 2012

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    Featuring: Frances Wood, Naomi Standen, Hilde de Weerdt

     
  198. 1848: Year of Revolution

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss 1848, the year that saw Europe engulfed in revolution. Governments from Paris to Palermo were toppled, but the effects were not to last.

    19 January 2012

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    Featuring: Tim Blanning, Lucy Riall, Mike Rapport

     
  199. The Siege of Tenochtitlan

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Siege of Tenochtitlan, the event which precipitated the fall of the Aztec Empire in 1521.

    27 October 2011

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    Featuring: Alan Knight, Elizabeth Graham, Caroline Dodds Pennock

     
  200. The Ming Voyages

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Ming Voyages, the 15th-century naval expeditions led by the Chinese admiral Zheng He.

    13 October 2011

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    Featuring: Rana Mitter, Julia Lovell, Craig Clunas

     
  201. The Minoan Civilisation

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Minoan Civilisation of Bronze Age Crete.

    7 July 2011

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    Featuring: John Bennet, Ellen Adams, Yannis Hamilakis

     
  202. The Battle of Stamford Bridge

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Battle of Stamford Bridge, a decisive English victory over Viking forces which took place in September 1066.

    2 June 2011

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    Featuring: John Hines, Elizabeth Ashman Rowe, Stephen Baxter

     
  203. Xenophon

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the life and work of the ancient Greek historian and soldier Xenophon.

    26 May 2011

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    Featuring: Paul Cartledge, Edith Hall, Simon Goldhill

     
  204. Custer's Last Stand

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Battle of the Little Bighorn, also known as Custer's Last Stand, the bloody 1876 battle between Native Americans and the US Cavalry.

    19 May 2011

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    Featuring: Kathleen Burk, Adam Smith, Saul David

     
  205. Octavia Hill

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Victorian reformer Octavia Hill, pioneer of social housing and campaigner for public open spaces.

    7 April 2011

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    Featuring: Dinah Birch, Lawrence Goldman, Gillian Darley

     
  206. The Iron Age

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the dawn of the European Iron Age, a period of great upheaval when technology and societies were changed forever.

    24 March 2011

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    Featuring: Barry Cunliffe, Sue Hamilton, Timothy Champion

     
  207. The Medieval University

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the medieval universities: why they were founded and what they taught.

    17 March 2011

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    Featuring: Miri Rubin, Ian Wei, Peter Denley

     
  208. The Taiping Rebellion

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Taiping Rebellion, a Chinese civil war which claimed around 20 million lives in the 19th century.

    24 February 2011

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    Featuring: Rana Mitter, Frances Wood, Julia Lovell

     
  209. The Battle of Bannockburn

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Battle of Bannockburn of 1314, an important victory for Scotland in its fight to win independence from England.

    3 February 2011

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    Featuring: Matthew Strickland, Fiona Watson, Michael Brown

     
  210. The Mexican Revolution

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Mexican Revolution of 1910, the popular uprising which lasted ten years and resulted in the overthrow of President Porfino Diaz.

    20 January 2011

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    Featuring: Alan Knight, Paul Garner, Patience Schell

     
  211. Consequences of the Industrial Revolution

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the far-reaching consequences of the Industrial Revolution, which brought widespread social and intellectual change to Britain.

    30 December 2010

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    Featuring: Jane Humphries, Emma Griffin, Lawrence Goldman

     
  212. The Industrial Revolution

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Industrial Revolution, a period of rapid technological development which brought widespread social and intellectual change to Britain.

    23 December 2010

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    Featuring: Jeremy Black, Pat Hudson, William Ashworth

     
  213. Cleopatra

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss Cleopatra, the Egyptian pharaoh whose charisma, intelligence and beauty made her one of the most celebrated rulers of the ancient world.

    2 December 2010

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    Featuring: Catharine Edwards, Maria Wyke, Susan Walker

     
  214. The Volga Vikings

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Volga Vikings, a group of Norsemen who travelled to Russia and set up settlements there during the 8th and 9th centuries AD.

    11 November 2010

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    Featuring: James Montgomery, Neil Price, Elizabeth Ashman Rowe

     
  215. The Spanish Armada

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Spanish Armada, the fleet which attempted to invade Elizabethan England in 1588.

    7 October 2010

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    Featuring: Diane Purkiss, Maria Jose Rodriguez-Salgado, Nicholas Rodger

     
  216. Athelstan

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the reign of King Athelstan, whose military exploits united much of England, Scotland and Wales under one ruler for the first time.

    1 July 2010

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    Featuring: Sarah Foot, John Hines, Richard Gameson

     
  217. The City - a history, part 2

    Melvyn Bragg presents the second of a two-part discussion about the history of the city.

    1 April 2010

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    Featuring: Peter Hall, Tristram Hunt, Ricky Burdett

     
  218. The City - a history, part 1

    Melvyn Bragg and guests Peter Hall, Julia Merritt and Greg Woolf trace the rise of the city, from its origins in the Bronze Age to just before the coming of the railways.

    25 March 2010

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    Featuring: Peter Hall, Julia Merritt, Greg Woolf

     
  219. The Indian Mutiny

    Melvyn Bragg and guests Faisal Devji, Shruti Kapila and Chandrika Kaul discuss the Indian Mutiny of 1857 and the rebellion which followed.

    18 February 2010

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    Featuring: Chandrika Kaul, Faisal Devji, Shruti Kapila

     
  220. The Glencoe Massacre

    Melvyn Bragg and guests Karin Bowie, Murray Pittock and Daniel Szechi discuss the 1692 Glencoe Massacre, why it happened, and its lasting repercussions.

    21 January 2010

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    Featuring: Murray Pittock, Karin Bowie, Daniel Szechi

     
  221. The Dreyfus Affair

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Dreyfus Affair, which tore France apart in the 1890s after a Jewish Army officer was wrongly convicted of spying and sent to Devil's Island.

    8 October 2009

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    Featuring: Robert Gildea, Robert Tombs, Ruth Harris

     
  222. The Trial of Charles I

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the trial of Charles I, recounting the high drama in Westminster Hall and the ideas that led to the execution.

    4 June 2009

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    Featuring: Justin Champion, Diane Purkiss, David Wootton

     
  223. The Boxer Rebellion

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Boxer Rebellion, when the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists purged China of foreign influences in the summer of 1900.

    19 March 2009

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    Featuring: Frances Wood, Rana Mitter, R. G. Tiedemann

     
  224. Carthage's Destruction

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the complete destruction of Carthage by Rome, a pivotal moment in world history.

    12 February 2009

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    Featuring: Mary Beard, Jo Quinn, Ellen O'Gorman

     
  225. History of History

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss how the writing of history has changed over time, from ancient epics to medieval hagiographies and modern deconstructions.

    22 January 2009

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    Featuring: Paul Cartledge, John Burrow, Miri Rubin

     
  226. The Fire of London

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss The Great Fire of London in 1666 and how the city rose from the ashes.

    11 December 2008

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    Featuring: Lisa Jardine, Vanessa Harding, Jonathan Sawday

     
  227. The Great Reform Act

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Great Reform Act of 1832, a landmark in British political history.

    27 November 2008

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    Featuring: Dinah Birch, Michael Bentley, Catherine Hall

     
  228. Bolivar

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the life and times of Simon Bolivar, hero of the revolutionary wars that liberated Spanish America from Spain.

    30 October 2008

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    Featuring: Anthony McFarlane, John Fisher, Catherine Davies

     
  229. The Black Death

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Black Death and the way medieval communities responded to it.

    22 May 2008

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    Featuring: Miri Rubin, Samuel Cohn, Paul Binski

     
  230. The Enclosures of the 18th Century

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the 18th and 19th century enclosure movement which divided the British countryside both literally and figuratively.

    1 May 2008

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    Featuring: Rosemary Sweet, Murray Pittock, Mark Overton

     
  231. The Charge of the Light Brigade

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Charge of the Light Brigade and its iconic status in the British historical imagination.

    10 January 2008

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    Featuring: Mike Broers, Trudi Tate, Saul David

     
  232. The Sassanid Empire

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Sassanian Empire, a grand imperial rival to the Roman Empire.

    13 December 2007

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    Featuring: Hugh N. Kennedy, Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, James Howard-Johnston

     
  233. The Siege of Orléans

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Siege of Orléans, when Joan of Arc came to the rescue of France and routed the English army with the help of God.

    24 May 2007

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    Featuring: Anne Curry, Malcolm Vale, Matthew Bennett

     
  234. The Opium Wars

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the Opium Wars, a series of conflicts in the 19th Century which had a profound effect on British Chinese relations for generations.

    12 April 2007

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    Featuring: Yangwen Zheng, Lars Laamann, Xun Zhou

     
  235. Genghis Khan

    Melvyn Bragg discusses Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire, one of the largest contiguous empires the world has ever seen.

    1 February 2007

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    Featuring: Peter Jackson, Naomi Standen, George Lane

     
  236. Constantinople Siege and Fall

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the 1453 siege of Constantinople. A bitter and bloody 53 days that ended a thousand years of the Byzantine Empire.

    28 December 2006

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    Featuring: Roger Crowley, Judith Herrin, Colin Imber

     
  237. The Peasants' Revolt

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Peasants’ Revolt of 1381 - “When Adam delved and Eve span, who was then the Gentleman?"

    16 November 2006

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    Featuring: Miri Rubin, Caroline Barron, Alastair Dunn

     
  238. The Great Exhibition of 1851

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the 1851 Great Exhibition. Housed in the magnificent Crystal Palace, the exhibition showcased Victorian Britain's technical ingenuity and industrial might.

    27 April 2006

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    Featuring: Jeremy Black, Hermione Hobhouse, Clive Emsley

     
  239. Catherine the Great

    Melvyn Bragg discusses Catherine the Great who set out to transform Russia from a semi-barbaric country into a model of the ideals of the 18th century French Enlightenment.

    23 February 2006

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    Featuring: Janet Hartley, Simon Dixon, Tony Lentin

     
  240. The Abbasid Caliphs

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the Abbasid Caliphs, dynastic rulers of the Islamic world between the middle of the eighth and the tenth centuries, who headed a multi-cultural Muslim empire.

    2 February 2006

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    Featuring: Hugh Kennedy, Robert Irwin, Amira Bennison

     
  241. The Peterloo Massacre

    Melvyn Bragg discusses The Peterloo Massacre on 16 August 1819, when British cavalry charged a vast crowd of protestors in Manchester.

    15 December 2005

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    Featuring: Jeremy Black, Sarah Richardson, Clive Emsley

     
  242. The Field of the Cloth of Gold

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520, one of the greatest and most conspicuous displays of wealth and culture that Europe had ever seen.

    6 October 2005

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    Featuring: Stephen Gunn, John Guy, Penny Roberts

     
  243. The French Revolution's Reign of Terror

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the reign of terror during the French Revolution and whether it was an aberration of the revolutionary cause or its natural culmination.

    26 May 2005

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    Featuring: Mike Broers, Rebecca Spang, Tim Blanning

     
  244. Alfred and the Battle of Edington

    Melvyn Bragg discusses King Alfred, the defeat of the Vikings at Battle of Edington and Alfred's project to create a culture of Englishness.

    7 April 2005

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    Featuring: Richard Gameson, Sarah Foot, John Hines

     
  245. Tsar Alexander II's assassination

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881, by a gang of Russian terrorists, which led to start of the revolutionary era in Russia.

    6 January 2005

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    Featuring: Orlando Figes, Dominic Lieven, Catriona Kelly

     
  246. The Roman Republic

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the rise and eventual downfall of the Roman Republic which survived for 500 years.

    30 December 2004

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    Featuring: Greg Woolf, Catherine Steel, Tom Holland

     
  247. Agincourt

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the events leading up to the unlikely English defeat of the French at Agincourt in 1415, and explores the cultural legacy of this emblematic victory.

    16 September 2004

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    Featuring: Anne Curry, Michael Jones, John Watts

     
  248. Washington and the American Revolution

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the first President of the United States, George Washington, and the people and ideas that saw the American Revolution overthrow British rule in 1775.

    24 June 2004

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    Featuring: Carol Berkin, Simon Middleton, Colin Bonwick

     
  249. Babylon

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the truth behind Babylon, the world’s oldest and most enigmatic of empires; from the the Tower of Babel and the Hanging Gardens to the Whore of Babylon.

    3 June 2004

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    Featuring: Eleanor Robson, Irving Finkel, Andrew George

     
  250. China's Warring States period

    Melvyn Bragg discusses an epoch of astonishing productivity in Chinese history after Confucius and before the Terracotta Army that has great parallels with the golden age of Greek culture.

    1 April 2004

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    Featuring: Chris Cullen, Vivienne Lo, Carol Michaelson

     
  251. The Mughal Empire

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the achievements of the Mughal Emperors, examines how they maintained their vast territory and how much the British Raj owed to them.

    26 February 2004

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    Featuring: Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Susan Stronge, Chandrika Kaul

     
  252. Thermopylae

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the Battle of Thermopylae, a defining clash between East and West, when King Leonidas and his defeated Spartans passed into legend.

    5 February 2004

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    Featuring: Tom Holland, Simon Goldhill, Edith Hall

     
  253. The Alphabet

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the feat of astonishing intellectual engineering which provides us with millions of words in hundreds of languages. How did it develop and conquer three quarters of the globe?

    18 December 2003

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    Featuring: Eleanor Robson, Alan Millard, Rosalind Thomas

     
  254. The East India Company

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the powerful private trading company that redrew the map of India, built an empire and reinvented the fashions and the foodstuffs of Britain.

    26 June 2003

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    Featuring: Huw Bowen, Linda Colley, Maria Misra

     
  255. The Jacobite Rebellion

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the Jacobite Rebellion, the Stuart dynasty's final attempt to reclaim the throne of England.

    8 May 2003

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    Featuring: Murray Pittock, Stana Nenadic, Allan Macinnes

     
  256. Roman Britain

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the Romans in Britain, a history of 400 years of occupation. Do those four centuries still colour our national life and character today?

    1 May 2003

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    Featuring: Greg Woolf, Mary Beard, Catharine Edwards

     
  257. The Spanish Civil War

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the causes, events and repercussions of the Spanish Civil War, which became an international battleground for the forces of Fascism and Communism as Europe geared up for war.

    3 April 2003

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    Featuring: Paul Preston, Helen Graham, Mary Vincent

     
  258. The British Empire

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the British Empire, what drove Britain to follow the imperial road and what was its legacy?

    8 November 2001

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    Featuring: Maria Misra, Peter Cain, Catherine Hall

     
  259. Napoleon and Wellington

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the comparative histories of Napoleon and the Duke of Wellington, two titans of nineteenth century history.

    25 October 2001

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    Featuring: Andrew Roberts, Mike Broers, Belinda Beaton

     
  260. Byzantium

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the culture, history and legacy of the eastern Byzantine Empire, and examines why it has so often been sidelined and undermined by historians.

    19 July 2001

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    Featuring: Charlotte Roueché, John Julius Norwich, Liz James

     
  261. The French Revolution's Legacy

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the legacy of the French Revolution. What kind of a watershed did the French Revolution mark in the tide of history?

    14 June 2001

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    Featuring: Stefan Collini, Anne Janowitz, Andrew Roberts

     
  262. The Glorious Revolution

    Melvyn Bragg examines the Glorious Revolution of 1688 but were the events of 1688 really either Glorious or Revolutionary?

    19 April 2001

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    Featuring: John Spurr, Rosemary Sweet, Scott Mandelbrote

     
  263. The Roman Empire's Collapse in the 5th century

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the causes and events leading to the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century and assesses the role of Christianity, the Ostrogoths, the Visigoths and the Vandals.

    5 April 2001

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    Featuring: Charlotte Roueché, David Womersley, Richard Alston

     
  264. The Restoration

    Melvyn Bragg examines the reign of Charles II and discusses whether the Restoration brought peace and prosperity to England or was an unstable period that culminated in revolution.

    15 February 2001

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    Featuring: Mark Goldie, Richard Ollard, Clare Jackson

     
  265. The Enlightenment in Britain

    Melvyn Bragg examines the part British thinkers played in the Enlightenment in the 18th century, and examines whether the shifts of thought in those years provided the platform for the modern world.

    18 January 2001

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    Featuring: Roy Porter, Linda Colley, Jeremy Black

     
  266. Hitler in History

    Melvyn Bragg examines the debate between various historiographical theories. How do Intentionalist, Structralist and Marxist views of history explain events in Nazi Germany?

    5 October 2000

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    Featuring: Ian Kershaw, Niall Ferguson, Mary Fulbrook

     
  267. The Wars of the Roses

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the 15th century wars between the royal Houses of Lancaster and York. Do they represent the breakdown of the feudal system or has the political instability been overstated?

    18 May 2000

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    Featuring: Helen Castor, Colin Richmond, Stephen Gunn

     
  268. New Wars

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the history of modern warfare and examines whether today’s brutal and complex conflicts are truly different from anything the world has seen before.

    13 April 2000

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    Featuring: Michael Howard, Mary Kaldor, Michael Rose

     
  269. History and Understanding the Past

    Melvyn Bragg examines whether we can ever predict the future by understanding the past. What kind of lessons is it possible for leaders, governments or people to take from history?

    30 March 2000

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    Featuring: Richard J. Evans, Eric Hobsbawm

     
  270. Atrocity in the 20th Century

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the conditions that allow man’s inhumanity to man on the scale seen in the 20th century, and explores whether a scientific study of the mind can ever uncover the roots of evil.

    28 October 1999

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    Featuring: Jonathan Glover, Gwen Adshead

     
  271. History as Science

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss whether history should be considered a science, and examines the importance of geography and ecology in determining world history since civilisation began.

    11 March 1999

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    Featuring: Jared Diamond, Richard J. Evans

     
  272. The British Empire's Legacy

    Melvyn Bragg discusses whether there is a need in Britain to re-examine its colonial past and examines the impact that imperial past has had on Britain’s current multicultural identity.

    31 December 1998

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    Featuring: Catherine Hall, Linda Colley

     
  273. History's relevance in the 20th century

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the relevance of the study of history in the 20th century and examines the place of imagination in the writing of it. What place does myth have in shaping our history?

    3 December 1998

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    Featuring: Simon Schama, Lady Antonia Fraser