Portrait of Lord Melvyn Bragg, host of In Our Time

19th century

195 episodes

  1. 1816, the Year Without a Summer

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the link between the eruption of Mt Tambora in 1815, the largest and most lethal in recorded history, with famines in Europe and America in 1816.

    21 April 2016

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    Featuring: Clive Oppenheimer, Jane Stabler, Lawrence Goldman

     
  2. 1848: Year of Revolution

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss 1848, the year that saw Europe engulfed in revolution. Governments from Paris to Palermo were toppled, but the effects were not to last.

    19 January 2012

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    Featuring: Tim Blanning, Lucy Riall, Mike Rapport

     
  3. A Christmas Carol

    From Bah Humbug to God Bless Us Every One: Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Charles Dickens' story of Scrooge's salvation by the ghosts of Christmas Past, Present and Yet To Come.

    16 December 2021

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    Featuring: Juliet John, Jon Mee, Dinah Birch

     
  4. Ada Lovelace

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the 19th century mathematician and hard living daughter of Lord Byron, Ada Lovelace.

    6 March 2008

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    Featuring: Patricia Fara, Doron Swade, John Fuegi

     
  5. Alfred Russel Wallace

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Victorian pioneer of evolutionary theory Alfred Russel Wallace.

    21 March 2013

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    Featuring: Steve Jones, George Beccaloni, Ted Benton

     
  6. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Lewis Carroll's work published in 1865 and inspired by telling stories to Alice Liddell and her sisters on picnics and boating trips in Oxford

    15 February 2024

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    Featuring: Franziska Kohlt, Kiera Vaclavik, Robert Douglas-Fairhurst

     
  7. Altruism

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss altruism, described as “an unselfish attention to the needs of others” but how does this square with Darwin’s theory of Evolution?

    23 November 2006

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    Featuring: Miranda Fricker, Richard Dawkins, John Dupré

     
  8. Anaesthetics

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the history of anaesthetics, from laughing gas in the 1790s to the discovery of “blessed chloroform”.

    29 March 2007

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    Featuring: David Wilkinson, Stephanie Snow, Anne Hardy

     
  9. Anarchism

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Anarchism and why its political ideas became synonymous with chaos and disorder.

    7 December 2006

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    Featuring: John Keane, Ruth Kinna, Peter Marshall

     
  10. Anna Akhmatova

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the poetry of Anna Akhmatova (1889-1966) whose work was banned under Stalin and who lived under constant threat of the gulags.

    18 January 2018

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    Featuring: Katharine Hodgson, Alexandra Harrington, Michael Basker

     
  11. Annie Besant

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the life of 19th-century writer and campaigner Annie Besant.

    21 June 2012

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    Featuring: Lawrence Goldman, David Stack, Yasmin Khan

     
  12. Archaeology and Imperialism

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the link between archaeology and imperialism, and why there was such a fascination with Egypt, Greece and Mesopotamia in the 18th and 19th centuries.

    14 April 2005

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    Featuring: Tim Champion, Richard Parkinson, Eleanor Robson

     
  13. Aurora Leigh

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Aurora Leigh, Elizabeth Barrett Browning's novel-poem published in 1856, three years before her death in Florence.

    24 March 2016

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    Featuring: Margaret Reynolds, Daniel Karlin, Karen O'Brien

     
  14. Beethoven

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the rise of Beethoven, from Bonn to Vienna, where he became one of the great composers, despite his growing deafness.

    21 December 2017

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    Featuring: Laura Tunbridge, John Deathridge, Erica Buurman

     
  15. Benjamin Disraeli

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss one of the most famous politicians of the Victorian age, who broadened his fame and spread his ideas through popular novels.

    19 September 2024

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    Featuring: Lawrence Goldman, Emily Jones, Daisy Hay

     
  16. Bergson and Time

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the ideas of Henri Bergson on how our experience of time as a duration differs from the scientific measurement of time, and why that matters.

    9 May 2019

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    Featuring: Keith Ansell-Pearson, Emily Thomas, Mark Sinclair

     
  17. Berthe Morisot

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the daring and innovative work of the French woman at the heart of the impressionist movement, capturing the domestic world and life in the open air

    13 October 2022

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    Featuring: Tamar Garb, Lois Oliver, Claire Moran

     
  18. Bertrand Russell

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the influential 20th-century British thinker Bertrand Russell, widely regarded as one of the founders of Analytical philosophy.

    6 December 2012

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    Featuring: A. C. Grayling, Mike Beaney, Hilary Greaves

     
    PhilosophyBritish free speech activistsBritish historians of philosophyEnglish logiciansUniversal basic income writersEuropean democratic socialistsMetaphysics writersMembers of the Order of MeritEnglish anti-fascists19th-century atheistsBritish philosophers of educationEmpiricistsEnglish humanistsFree love advocatesGeorgistsBritish critics of religionsEnglish Nobel laureatesNobel laureates in LiteratureTheorists on Western civilizationBritish political philosophersPhilosophers of social scienceEnglish people of Scottish descentEnglish socialistsEnglish male non-fiction writersConsequentialistsFellows of the Royal SocietyLinguistic turnPhilosophers of sexualityRhetoric theoristsMetaphilosophersPhilosophers of loveEnglish political philosophersCritics of work and the work ethicEnglish people of Welsh descent20th-century atheists20th-century English mathematiciansPresidents of the Aristotelian SocietyUtilitariansBritish atheism activistsWriters about communismLogicians19th-century English essayistsSecular humanistsPhilosophers of economicsIntellectual historians, University of Chicago facultyOntologistsEnglish scepticsFreethought writersCritics of the Catholic Church19th-century English philosophersBritish critics of ChristianityPeople from MonmouthshireAristotelian philosophersJerusalem Prize recipientsPhilosophers of lawEnglish prisoners and detaineesBritish philosophers of languageSet theoristsPhilosophers of technologyBritish consciousness researchers and theoristsPhilosophers of mathematicsBritish philosophers of mind20th-century English philosophers19th-century English mathematiciansAnti-nationalistsPhilosophers of literatureEnglish agnosticsBritish philosophers of culture, English pacifistsWriters about globalizationWriters about religion and scienceFellows of Trinity College, CambridgeEnglish essayistsAnalytic philosophersAcademics of the London School of Economics, British philosophers of scienceWriters about activism and social changeAlumni of Trinity College, CambridgePhilosophers of historyBritish philosophers of religionBritish ethicistsAtheist philosophersUniversity of California, Los Angeles facultyBritish philosophers of logicEnglish political writers19th century20th centuryEconomicsLanguageMathematics
  19. Bismarck

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the original Iron Chancellor, Otto Von Bismarck, one of 19th Century Europe’s most influential statesmen and the founder of modern Germany.

    22 March 2007

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    Featuring: Richard J. Evans, Christopher Clark, Katharine Lerman

     
  20. Bohemianism

    Melvyn Bragg discusses how a 19th century Parisian artistic philosophy re-emerged in the 20th century in the drawing rooms of Bloomsbury and Chelsea, as a lifestyle choice for a middle-class clique.

    9 October 2003

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    Featuring: Hermione Lee, Virginia Nicholson, Graham Robb

     
  21. Bolivar

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the life and times of Simon Bolivar, hero of the revolutionary wars that liberated Spanish America from Spain.

    30 October 2008

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    Featuring: Anthony McFarlane, John Fisher, Catherine Davies

     
  22. Booth's Life and Labour Survey

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Charles Booth's ambitious project to discover how many people in late Victorian London were living in poverty, and understand why

    10 June 2021

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    Featuring: Emma Griffin, Sarah Wise, Lawrence Goldman

     
  23. Brunel

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Isambard Kingdom Brunel, the Victorian engineer responsible for bridges, tunnels and railways still in use today.

    13 November 2014

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    Featuring: Julia Elton, Ben Marsden, Crosbie Smith

     
  24. Capitalism

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the history of capitalism and examines whether we have witnessed its triumph or if we are only now learning the full costs and the social impact of its unfettered advance.

    24 June 1999

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    Featuring: Anatole Kaletsky, Edward Luttwak

     
  25. Cave Art

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the cave peoples, human or Neanderthal, who made hand outlines, abstract symbols and multicoloured images of prey animals in the Stone Age.

    24 September 2020

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    Featuring: Alistair Pike, Chantal Conneller, Paul Pettitt

     
  26. Chartism

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the 19th-century campaign for greater democracy: the changes demanded in the People's Charter included votes for all men and secret ballots.

    9 February 2023

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    Featuring: Joan Allen, Emma Griffin, Robert Saunders

     
  27. Chekhov

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the life and work of the great Russian writer Anton Chekhov.

    14 March 2013

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    Featuring: Catriona Kelly, Cynthia Marsh, Rosamund Bartlett

     
  28. Christina Rossetti

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the life and work of the Victorian poet Christina Rossetti.

    1 December 2011

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    Featuring: Dinah Birch, Rhian Williams, Nicholas Shrimpton

     
  29. Chromatography

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss chromatography as a means of separating mixtures, widely used when testing water and air quality, in forensics and drug manufacture.

    4 February 2016

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    Featuring: Andrea Sella, Apryll Stalcup, Leon Barron

     
  30. Clausewitz and On War

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss On War, the 19th-century treatise on the theory of warfare by the Prussian soldier Carl von Clausewitz.

    17 May 2012

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    Featuring: Saul David, Hew Strachan, Beatrice Heuser

     
  31. Coffee

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the history of coffee, from its origins in Ethiopia to its role in the spread of ideas, its part in the slave trade and its social impact.

    12 December 2019

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    Featuring: Judith Hawley, Markman Ellis, Jonathan Morris

     
  32. Colette

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the novels and life of one of the most remarkable writers of the last century, whose Claudine series was first published under her husband's name.

    27 January 2022

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    Featuring: Diana Holmes, Michèle Roberts, Belinda Jack

     
  33. Consequences of the Industrial Revolution

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the far-reaching consequences of the Industrial Revolution, which brought widespread social and intellectual change to Britain.

    30 December 2010

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    Featuring: Jane Humphries, Emma Griffin, Lawrence Goldman

     
  34. Custer's Last Stand

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Battle of the Little Bighorn, also known as Custer's Last Stand, the bloody 1876 battle between Native Americans and the US Cavalry.

    19 May 2011

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    Featuring: Kathleen Burk, Adam Smith, Saul David

     
  35. Darwin: Life After Origins

    Melvyn Bragg presents a series about the life and work of Charles Darwin. Melvyn visits Darwin's home at Down House in Kent, where he continued working until his death in 1882.

    8 January 2009

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    Featuring: Jim Moore, Steve Jones, Alison Pearn, Nick Biddle

     
  36. Darwin: On the Origin of Species

    Melvyn Bragg presents a series about the life and work of Charles Darwin. How Darwin was eventually persuaded to publish On the Origin of Species in November 1859.

    7 January 2009

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    Featuring: Jim Moore, Steve Jones, Jim Secord, Johannes Vogel

     
  37. Darwin: On the Origins of Charles Darwin

    Melvyn Bragg presents a series about the life and work of Charles Darwin. Darwin's early life and time at Cambridge, where his interests shifted from religion to natural science.

    5 January 2009

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    Featuring: Jim Moore, Steve Jones, David Norman, Colin Higgins

     
  38. David Ricardo

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Ricardo's argument that Britain's economy was being held back by the interests of landlords and protectionism, and his call for free trade.

    25 March 2021

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    Featuring: Matthew Watson, Helen Paul, Richard Whatmore

     
  39. Delacroix's Liberty Leading the People

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss Eugene Delacroix's painting Liberty Leading the People, his celebrated depiction of the events of the 1830 July Revolution.

    20 October 2011

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    Featuring: Tim Blanning, Tamar Garb, Simon Lee

     
  40. Dickens

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the achievements of Charles Dickens What is his political and literary legacy to our age?

    12 July 2001

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    Featuring: Rosemary Ashton, Michael Slater, John Bowen

     
  41. Edgar Allan Poe

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the writer of The Raven and Gothic horror stories such as The Tell-Tale Heart and The Fall of the House of Usher.

    30 November 2023

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    Featuring: Bridget Bennett, Erin Forbes, Tom Wright

     
  42. Ediacara Biota

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Ediacara Biota: the Precambrian beings that some consider the first complex multicellular life forms.

    9 July 2009

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    Featuring: Richard Corfield, Martin Brasier, Rachel Wood

     
  43. Edith Wharton

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Wharton's novels, which explore the world of the privileged in America's Gilded Age, in which she lived, written in hindsight and with little mercy.

    4 October 2018

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    Featuring: Hermione Lee, Bridget Bennett, Laura Rattray

     
  44. Emily Dickinson

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the life and work of Emily Dickinson, the now-celebrated poet of Amherst, who was prolific yet chose to publish few of her poems.

    11 May 2017

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    Featuring: Fiona Green, Linda Freedman, Paraic Finnerty

     
  45. Eugene Onegin

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Eugene Onegin by Alexander Pushkin (1799-1837), often described as his masterpiece, which tells the tragic story of Onegin, Lensky and Tatyana.

    22 June 2017

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    Featuring: Andrew Kahn, Emily Finer, Simon Dixon

     
  46. Fairies

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the literary and visual depiction of fairies. Supernatural creatures inhabiting a half-way world between this one and the next, fairies are ubiquitous in human culture.

    11 May 2006

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    Featuring: Juliette Wood, Diane Purkiss, Nicola Bown

     
  47. Fanny Burney

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the life and work of the 18th-century writer Fanny Burney, also known as Frances D'Arblay and Frances Burney, best known for her novel Evelina.

    23 April 2015

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    Featuring: Nicole Pohl, Judith Hawley, John Mullan

     
  48. Fermat's Last Theorem

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss Fermat's Last Theorem, a mathematical puzzle which took more than three hundred and fifty years to solve.

    25 October 2012

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    Featuring: Marcus du Sautoy, Vicky Neale, Samir Siksek

     
  49. Frederick Douglass

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the life and ideas of the prominent abolitionist, who in 1845 told his story in Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave.

    8 February 2018

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    Featuring: Celeste-Marie Bernier, Karen Salt, Nicholas Guyatt

     
  50. Garibaldi and the Risorgimento

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Giuseppe Garibaldi and his role in unifying Italy which, with his Red Shirts, he achieved substantially in 1861 and entirely in 1870.

    1 December 2016

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    Featuring: Lucy Riall, Eugenio Biagini, David Laven

     
  51. George Sand

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the work and life of Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin who in C19th France wrote many extremely successful novels, under the name George Sand

    6 February 2020

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    Featuring: Belinda Jack, Angela Ryan, Nigel Harkness

     
  52. George and Robert Stephenson

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss George Stephenson, known as the Father of Railways, and his son Robert, designer of the Rocket, whose contribution was arguably even greater.

    12 April 2018

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    Featuring: Michael Bailey, Julia Elton, Colin Divall

     
  53. Gerard Manley Hopkins

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the works of Hopkins, unpublished in his lifetime, who FR Leavis called 'the only influential poet of the Victorian age and the greatest'.

    21 March 2019

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    Featuring: Catherine Phillips, Jane Wright, Martin Dubois

     
  54. Germaine de Staël

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the ideas, works and life of Germaine de Stael (1766-1817), a literary critic, author, opponent of Napoleon and developer of Romanticism.

    16 November 2017

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    Featuring: Catriona Seth, Alison Finch, Katherine Astbury

     
  55. Germinal

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Emile Zola's thirteenth and most successful novel in his Rougon-Macquart series, in which a strike breaks out in a destitute French mining village.

    26 October 2023

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    Featuring: Susan Harrow, Kate Griffiths, Edmund Birch

     
  56. Goethe

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the great German polymath Johann Wolfgang Goethe - novelist, dramatist, poet, humanist, scientist and philosopher.

    6 April 2006

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    Featuring: Tim Blanning, Sarah Colvin, W. Daniel Wilson

     
    18th-century German male writersMembers of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences19th-century German non-fiction writersGerman philosophers of language19th-century travel writersMembers of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and HumanitiesPhilosophers of sexualityLiteracy and society theoristsGerman autobiographersGerman philosophers of historyGerman male non-fiction writersEpigrammatistsJohann Wolfgang von Goethe, Sturm und DrangEpic poetsPhilosophers of linguistics18th-century German civil servants, 18th-century German dramatists and playwrights, 18th-century German historians, 18th-century German novelists, 18th-century German poets, 18th-century travel writers, 19th-century German civil servants, 19th-century German diplomats, 19th-century German dramatists and playwrights, 19th-century German poets, German bibliophiles, German diplomats, German male novelists, People from Weimar, Scientists from Weimar, Writers from Frankfurt, Writers from WeimarGerman untitled nobilityNatural philosophersWriters about activism and social changeRomantic poetsGerman travel writersGerman librariansPhilosophy writersGerman political philosophersFabulists19th-century German novelistsGerman FreemasonsColor scientistsGerman philosophers of culture18th-century German philosophers, 18th-century essayistsFreethought writersGerman philosophers of science19th-century German philosophersGerman ethicists, German philosophers of educationTheorists on Western civilizationLiterary theoristsUniversity of Strasbourg alumniLeipzig University alumni19th-century German historiansGerman male dramatists and playwrights, German male poetsPhilosophers of social science19th-century German essayists19th-century German male writersGerman male essayistsEnlightenment philosophers18th-century German educators, 18th-century historians, 19th-century German educators, 19th-century historiansPantheistsPhilosophers of literatureGerman philosophers of art18th century19th centuryGermanyLanguage
  57. Goethe and the Science of the Enlightenment

    Melvyn Bragg assesses the scientific legacy of the 18th century German poet and thinker Goethe, who gave us the term morphology and is sometimes even credited with inventing biology itself.

    10 February 2000

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    Featuring: Nicholas Boyle, Simon Schaffer

     
    Science18th-century German male writersMembers of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences19th-century German non-fiction writersGerman philosophers of language19th-century travel writersMembers of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and HumanitiesPhilosophers of sexualityLiteracy and society theoristsGerman autobiographersGerman philosophers of historyGerman male non-fiction writersEpigrammatistsJohann Wolfgang von Goethe, Sturm und DrangEpic poetsPhilosophers of linguistics18th-century German civil servants, 18th-century German dramatists and playwrights, 18th-century German historians, 18th-century German novelists, 18th-century German poets, 18th-century travel writers, 19th-century German civil servants, 19th-century German diplomats, 19th-century German dramatists and playwrights, 19th-century German poets, German bibliophiles, German diplomats, German male novelists, People from Weimar, Scientists from Weimar, Writers from Frankfurt, Writers from WeimarGerman untitled nobilityNatural philosophersWriters about activism and social changeRomantic poetsGerman travel writersGerman librariansPhilosophy writersGerman political philosophersFabulists19th-century German novelistsGerman FreemasonsColor scientistsGerman philosophers of culture18th-century German philosophers, 18th-century essayistsFreethought writersGerman philosophers of science19th-century German philosophersGerman ethicists, German philosophers of educationTheorists on Western civilizationLiterary theoristsUniversity of Strasbourg alumniLeipzig University alumni19th-century German historiansGerman male dramatists and playwrights, German male poetsPhilosophers of social science19th-century German essayists19th-century German male writersGerman male essayistsEnlightenment philosophers18th-century German educators, 18th-century historians, 19th-century German educators, 19th-century historiansPantheistsPhilosophers of literatureGerman philosophers of art18th century19th centuryGermanyLanguage
  58. Harriet Martineau

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Harriet Martineau who wrote extensively in the C19th on a wide range of subjects including abolition, and is called the mother of sociology.

    8 December 2016

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    Featuring: Valerie Sanders, Karen O'Brien, Ella Dzelzainis

     
  59. Heart of Darkness

    Melvyn Bragg discusses Joseph Conrad's Novel, Heart of Darkness, a critique of colonialism at the turn of the century

    15 February 2007

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    Featuring: Susan Jones, Robert Hampson, Laurence Davies

     
  60. Hegel's Philosophy of History

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Hegel's ideas on history as the progress of the consciousness of freedom, and whether we enjoy more freedom now than those in past centuries.

    26 May 2022

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    Featuring: Sally Sedgwick, Robert Stern, Stephen Houlgate

     
  61. Heritage

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the interconnections between heritage culture and the study of history, and the role they have both played in the formation of the British national identity.

    18 July 2002

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    Featuring: David Cannadine, Miri Rubin, Peter Mandler

     
  62. History's relevance in the 20th century

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the relevance of the study of history in the 20th century and examines the place of imagination in the writing of it. What place does myth have in shaping our history?

    3 December 1998

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    Featuring: Simon Schama, Lady Antonia Fraser

     
  63. Hokusai

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Katsushika Hokusai (1760-1849), whose views of Mt Fuji such as The Great Wave off Kanagawa (pictured) are some of the most iconic in world art.

    30 March 2017

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    Featuring: Angus Lockyer, Rosina Buckland, Ellis Tinios

     
  64. Humboldt

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the Prussian naturalist and explorer, Alexander Von Humboldt. A hero in South America; Charles Darwin described him as ‘the greatest scientific traveller who ever lived’.

    28 September 2006

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    Featuring: Jason Wilson, Patricia Fara, Jim Secord

     
  65. Imperial Science

    Melvyn Bragg discusses whether agriculture and an attitude towards nature, or the protection of trade routes was the main impulse that drove British imperial expansion in the 19th century.

    1 February 2001

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    Featuring: Richard Drayton, Maria Misra, Ziauddin Sardar

     
  66. Jane Eyre

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte, first published in 1847 under the pseudonym Currer Bell.

    18 June 2015

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    Featuring: Dinah Birch, Karen O'Brien, Sara Lyons

     
  67. John Clare

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss John Clare, the 'Northamptonshire peasant poet', whose writing was as celebrated as his life was humble.

    9 February 2017

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    Featuring: Jonathan Bate, Mina Gorji, Simon Kövesi

     
  68. John Dalton

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss scientist John Dalton, who pioneered the development of atomic theory and carried out research into meteorology and colour blindness.

    27 October 2016

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    Featuring: Jim Bennett, Aileen Fyfe, James Sumner

     
  69. John Keats

    Misha Glenny and guests discuss the short, brilliant life of one of the most celebrated Romantic poets and the works of his most intensely creative year from autumn 1818.

    19 February 2026

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    Featuring: Fiona Stafford, Nicholas Roe, Meiko O’Halloran

     
  70. John Ruskin

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the life and work of John Ruskin, art and social critic, and one of the most influential figures of the Victorian era.

    31 March 2005

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    Featuring: Dinah Birch, Keith Hanley, Stefan Collini

     
  71. Kant's Copernican Revolution

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Kant's ideas on how the world depends on us, on the limits of human knowledge and why we are bound to ask questions we cannot answer.

    3 June 2021

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    Featuring: Fiona Hughes, Anil Gomes, John Callanan

     
  72. Kierkegaard

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the rich and radical ideas of Soren Kierkegaard, often called the father of Existentialism.

    20 March 2008

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    Featuring: Jonathan Rée, Clare Carlisle, John Lippitt

     
  73. Lamarck and Natural Selection

    Melvyn Bragg discusses Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, the 18th century French scientist, and his theory of Natural Selection. Who was he and how far did he pave the way for Darwin?

    26 December 2003

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    Featuring: Sandy Knapp, Steve Jones, Simon Conway Morris

     
  74. Lenin

    Melvyn Bragg investigates what drove the Soviet leader Lenin, and enabled him to develop a model to export communism and build an original political system that remained intact for over seventy years.

    16 March 2000

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    Featuring: Robert Service, Vitali Vitaliev

     
  75. Louis Pasteur

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the life and work of Louis Pasteur, microbiologist, developer of vaccines, saviour of the French beer and wine industries and preserver of milk.

    18 May 2017

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    Featuring: Andrew Mendelsohn, Anne Hardy, Michael Worboys

     
  76. Machado de Assis

    Misha Glenny and guests discuss one of the foundational figures of Brazilian literature, a descendant of slaves, and his stories of Bras Cubas and Virgilia, Dom Casmurro and Capitu.

    11 June 2026

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    Featuring: Ana Cláudia Suriani da Silva, Claire Williams, Viviane Carvalho da Annunciação

     
  77. Madame Bovary

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the literary sensation caused by the trial for indecency of Gustave Flaubert's novel Madame Bovary.

    12 July 2007

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    Featuring: Andy Martin, Mary Orr, Robert Gildea

     
  78. Man and Disease

    Melvyn Bragg discusses how humans have understood and fought disease throughout history, and examines the social consequences of diseases such as smallpox, bubonic plague, cholera, TB and AIDS.

    12 December 2002

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    Featuring: Anne Hardy, David Bradley, Chris Dye

     
  79. Mars

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the planet Mars. Named after the Roman god of war, Mars has been a source of continual fascination.

    11 January 2007

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    Featuring: John Zarnecki, Colin Pillinger, Monica Grady

     
  80. Marx

    Melvyn Bragg discusses Karl Marx who once said that while other philosophers wanted to interpret the world, he wanted to change it. And he changed the world with his Communist Manifesto.

    14 July 2005

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    Featuring: A. C. Grayling, Francis Wheen, Gareth Stedman Jones

     
  81. Maxwell

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the life and work of the often overlooked 19th century Scottish scientist, and his enormous contribution to the creation of the technological age in which we live.

    2 October 2003

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    Featuring: Simon Schaffer, Peter Harman, Joanna Haigh

     
  82. Michael Faraday

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Michael Faraday, the most famous British scientist of the 19th century.

    24 December 2015

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    Featuring: Geoffrey Cantor, Laura Herz, Frank James

     
  83. Middlemarch

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss George Eliot's Study of Provincial Life, set before the Reform Act 1832 in a small, fictional town in the Midlands surrounded by farmland.

    19 April 2018

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    Featuring: Rosemary Ashton, Kathryn Hughes, John Bowen

     
  84. Mill

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the 19th century political philosopher John Stuart Mill and his treatise On Liberty which is one of the sacred texts of liberalism.

    18 May 2006

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    Featuring: A. C. Grayling, Janet Radcliffe Richards, Alan Ryan

     
  85. Mitochondria

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the power-packs within cells in all complex life on Earth: they are absolutely central to the way that cells work and the way we live.

    1 June 2023

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    Featuring: Mike Murphy, Florencia Camus, Nick Lane

     
  86. Moby Dick

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Moby-Dick (1851) by Herman Melville, the story of Ahab and the white whale, the most popular of around 1,000 ideas that listeners submitted.

    7 December 2017

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    Featuring: Bridget Bennett, Katie McGettigan, Graham Thompson

     
  87. Monet in England

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss why the French impressionist Claude Monet painted the foggy Thames in central London more often than water lilies, haystacks or Rouen Cathedral.

    27 June 2024

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    Featuring: Karen Serres, Frances Fowle, Jackie Wullschläger

     
  88. Munch and The Scream

    Melvyn Bragg and guests David Jackson, Dorothy Rowe and Alastair Wright discuss the work of the Norwegian artist Edvard Munch, focusing on his painting The Scream.

    18 March 2010

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    Featuring: David Jackson, Dorothy Rowe, Alastair Wright

     
  89. Napoleon's Hundred Days

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Napoleon Bonaparte's astonishing return to power in France from exile on Elba in 1815 and how that galvanised the Allies into facing him at Waterloo

    18 April 2024

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    Featuring: Michael Rowe, Katherine Astbury, Zack White

     
  90. Napoleon's Retreat from Moscow

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss why Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812, thought he was victorious yet had to retreat, losing most of his army and, soon after, his empire.

    19 September 2019

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    Featuring: Janet Hartley, Michael Rowe, Michael Rapport

     
  91. Neuroscience

    Melvyn Bragg and guests David Papineau, Martin Conway and Gemma Calvert discuss recent developments in neuroscience and examine the relationship between the mind and the brain.

    13 November 2008

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    Featuring: Martin Conway, Gemma Calvert, David Papineau

     
  92. Nietzsche's Genealogy of Morality

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Nietzsche's influential ideas about what it means to be moral.

    12 January 2017

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    Featuring: Stephen Mulhall, Fiona Hughes, Keith Ansell-Pearson

     
  93. Nikola Tesla

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the inventor who helped the advance of electrification in America at the end of the 19th century and cultivated his reputation as a visionary genius

    4 April 2024

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    Featuring: Simon Schaffer, Jill Jonnes, Iwan Morus

     
  94. North and South

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss North and South by Elizabeth Gaskell, who set her 1855 novel in a version of Manchester she called Milton in the county of Darkshire.

    9 March 2017

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    Featuring: Sally Shuttleworth, Dinah Birch, Jenny Uglow

     
  95. Octavia Hill

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Victorian reformer Octavia Hill, pioneer of social housing and campaigner for public open spaces.

    7 April 2011

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    Featuring: Dinah Birch, Lawrence Goldman, Gillian Darley

     
  96. On Liberty

    Misha Glenny and guests discuss John Stuart Mill's celebrated work from 1859 arguing that the sole end for which mankind may interfere with anyone's liberty is self-protection.

    15 January 2026

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    Featuring: Helen McCabe, Mark Philp, Piers Norris Turner

     
  97. Oscar Wilde

    Melvyn Bragg discusses Oscar Wilde, the Aesthetes and his literary legacy. Was Wilde a reactionary - the last of the romantics - or was he the midwife to modernism?

    6 December 2001

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    Featuring: Valentine Cunningham, Regenia Gagnier, Neil Sammells

     
  98. Papal Infallibility

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the history of the idea that Popes cannot err when defining a doctrine, in office, proclaimed at the First Vatican Council 1869-70

    10 January 2019

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    Featuring: Tom O'Loughlin, Rebecca Rist, Miles Pattenden

     
  99. Perpetual motion

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss how the laws of thermodynamics put a stop to the idea perpetual motion.

    24 September 2015

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    Featuring: Ruth Gregory, Frank Close, Steven Bramwell

     
  100. Peter Kropotkin

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the life and ideas of the Russian prince who became an anarchist and who argued that mutual aid was the key to evolution not survival of the fittest

    24 February 2022

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    Featuring: Ruth Kinna, Lee Dugatkin, Simon Dixon

     
  101. Pitt Rivers

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the work of the Victorian anthropologist and archaeologist Augustus Pitt-Rivers.

    28 February 2013

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    Featuring: Adam Kuper, Richard Bradley, Dan Hicks

     
  102. Plasma

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss plasma. First observed in 1879, plasma is the most abundant matter in the universe, far more than solid, liquid or gas.

    13 October 2016

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    Featuring: Justin Wark, Kate Lancaster, Bill Graham

     
  103. Polidori's The Vampyre

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the myths that gave rise to this novella from 1819 by Byron's physician, John Polidori, and the works such as Bram Stoker's Dracula it inspired.

    7 April 2022

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    Featuring: Nick Groom, Samantha George, Martyn Rady

     
  104. President Ulysses S Grant

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Grant's role in rebuilding America in the decade after the Civil War and his impact on African-Americans and Native Americans.

    30 May 2019

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    Featuring: Erik Mathisen, Susan-Mary Grant, Robert Cook

     
  105. Proust

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the life and achievements of the 19th century French novelist Marcel Proust whose 3000 page work À La Recherche du Temps Perdu has been called the definitive modern novel.

    17 April 2003

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    Featuring: Jacqueline Rose, Malcolm Bowie, Robert Fraser

     
  106. Radiation

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the history of the discovery of radiation, from the idea that light consisted of waves, through electromagnetism to the naming of gamma rays.

    12 November 2009

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    Featuring: Jim Al-Khalili, Frank Close, Frank James

     
  107. Rosa Luxemburg

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Rosa Luxemburg, 'Red Rosa', a leading revolutionary and agitator in Poland and Germany until her arrest and murder in the Spartacus Revolt 1919.

    13 April 2017

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    Featuring: Jacqueline Rose, Mark Jones, Nadine Rossol

     
  108. Rudyard Kipling

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the life and work of Rudyard Kipling, a writer sometimes described as the poet of empire.

    16 October 2014

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    Featuring: Howard Booth, Daniel Karlin, Jan Montefiore

     
  109. Rutherford

    Melvyn Bragg discusses Ernest Rutherford. He is seen as the father of nuclear science, a great charismatic figure who mapped the landscape of the sub-atomic world.

    19 February 2004

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    Featuring: Simon Schaffer, Jim Al-Khalili, Patricia Fara

     
  110. Schopenhauer

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the pessimistic philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer and his extraordinary influence.

    29 October 2009

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    Featuring: A. C. Grayling, Beatrice Han-Pile, Christopher Janaway

     
  111. Silas Marner

    Melvyn Bragg and guests Rosemary Ashton, Dinah Birch and Valentine Cunningham discuss George Eliot's 1861 novel Silas Marner.

    28 January 2010

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    Featuring: Rosemary Ashton, Dinah Birch, Valentine Cunningham

     
  112. Sir John Soane

    Melvyn Bragg and guests explore the life and work of John Soane, architect of the old Bank of England and collector of the antiquities displayed in his home which became a museum.

    6 February 2025

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    Featuring: Frances Sands, Frank Salmon, Gillian Darley

     
  113. Spartacus

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the life of Spartacus, a Roman gladiator who was involved in a series of slave uprisings against the Roman Republic in the 1st century BC.

    6 March 2014

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    Featuring: Mary Beard, Maria Wyke, Theresa Urbainczyk

     
  114. Symmetry

    Melvyn Bragg discusses symmetry in art and nature. From snowflakes and butterflies to the music of Bach and the poems of Pushkin.

    19 April 2007

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    Featuring: Fay Dowker, Marcus du Sautoy, Ian Stewart

     
  115. Tagore

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore, winner of the 1913 Nobel Prize for Literature.

    7 May 2015

    listen ↗

    Featuring: Chandrika Kaul, Bashabi Fraser, John Stevens

     
    English-language poets from IndiaNational anthem writersKnights Bachelor19th-century Bengali poets, 19th-century Indian composers, 19th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights, 19th-century Indian educational theorists, 19th-century Indian essayists, 19th-century Indian male artists, 19th-century Indian musicians, 19th-century Indian painters, 19th-century Indian philosophers, 19th-century Indian poets, 19th-century classical musicians, 19th-century male musicians, 20th-century Bengali poets, 20th-century Indian composers, 20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights, 20th-century Indian educational theorists, 20th-century Indian essayists, 20th-century Indian novelists, 20th-century Indian painters, 20th-century Indian philosophers, 20th-century Indian poets, Alumni of University College London, Bengali Hindus, Bengali male poets, Bengali musicians, Bengali nationalists, Bengali philosophers, Bengali zamindars, Bengali-language poets, Brahmos, Dramatists and playwrights from British India, Hindu poets, Indian Hindus, Indian Nobel laureates, Indian classical composers, Indian male dramatists and playwrights, Indian male essayists, Indian male painters, Indian male poets, Indian male songwriters, Indian portrait painters, Indian social reformers, Indian songwriters, Musicians from Kolkata, Oriental Seminary alumni, Painters from West Bengal, People associated with Santiniketan, People associated with Shillong, People from the Bengal Presidency, Poets from British India, Poets from West Bengal, Presidency University, Kolkata alumni, Rabindranath Tagore, Tagore family, Vangiya Sahitya Parishad, Writers from KolkataNobel laureates in LiteratureArtist authorsFounders of Indian schools and collegesHaiku poets19th century20th centuryLanguageMusicPainting
  116. Tess of the d'Urbervilles

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Tess of the d'Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy, which challenged Victorian morality and made Hardy's fortune when published in the 1890s.

    5 May 2016

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    Featuring: Dinah Birch, Francis O'Gorman, Jane Thomas

     
  117. The Age of Doubt

    Melvyn Bragg examines who or what was responsible for the spread of religious doubt over the last three centuries and discusses the role of belief in God, in modern society.

    9 March 2000

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    Featuring: A. N. Wilson, Victoria Glendinning

     
  118. The American West

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the 19th century American pioneers and examines whether our ideas about the frontier owe more to the mythology of John Wayne movies than to the history of the real trailblazers.

    13 June 2002

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    Featuring: Frank McLynn, Jenni Calder, Christopher Frayling

     
  119. The Anarchy

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss The Anarchy, the period of bloody civil war that took place in 12th-century England.

    1 November 2012

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    Featuring: John Gillingham, Louise Wilkinson, David Carpenter

     
  120. The Barbary Corsairs

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the sailors from around Europe and North Africa, licensed by the Barbary States to capture people to be sold into slavery until the 19th century.

    9 November 2023

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    Featuring: Joanna Nolan, Claire Norton, Michael Talbot

     
  121. The Battle of Trafalgar

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Nelson's decisive naval victory in 1805, long celebrated in Britain and remembered as a watershed in Spain yet overshadowed in France by Austerlitz.

    2 December 2021

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    Featuring: James Davey, Marianne Czisnik, Kenneth Johnson

     
  122. The Berlin Conference

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Berlin Conference, the international summit which formalised European colonial activity in Africa.

    31 October 2013

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    Featuring: Richard Drayton, Richard Rathbone, Joanna Lewis

     
  123. The Boxer Rebellion

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Boxer Rebellion, when the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists purged China of foreign influences in the summer of 1900.

    19 March 2009

    listen ↗

    Featuring: Frances Wood, Rana Mitter, R. G. Tiedemann

     
  124. The British Empire

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the British Empire, what drove Britain to follow the imperial road and what was its legacy?

    8 November 2001

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    Featuring: Maria Misra, Peter Cain, Catherine Hall

     
  125. The British Empire's Legacy

    Melvyn Bragg discusses whether there is a need in Britain to re-examine its colonial past and examines the impact that imperial past has had on Britain’s current multicultural identity.

    31 December 1998

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    Featuring: Catherine Hall, Linda Colley

     
  126. The Brothers Grimm

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the fairy tales collected by the Brothers Grimm and what they can tell us about the German imagination and 19th-century romantic nationalism.

    5 February 2009

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    Featuring: Juliette Wood, Marina Warner, Tony Phelan

     
  127. The Cavendish Family in Science

    Melvyn Bragg and guests Jim Bennett, Simon Schaffer and Patricia Fara explore the scientific achievements of the Cavendish family, from the 17th to the 19th century.

    20 May 2010

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    Featuring: Jim Bennett, Patricia Fara, Simon Schaffer

     
  128. The City in the 20th Century

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the artistic, cultural and innovative developments of the city in the 20th century. How cities changed since 1900, and what have is their future?

    12 November 1998

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    Featuring: Peter Hall, Doreen Massey

     
  129. The Congress of Vienna

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the peace plan for Europe after the Napoleonic Wars, with the redrawing of borders and balancing of the great powers so that none would be dominant.

    19 October 2017

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    Featuring: Tim Blanning, Kathleen Burk, John Bew

     
  130. The Corn Laws

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Corn Laws, cause of one of the most explosive political debates in the 19th century.

    24 October 2013

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    Featuring: Lawrence Goldman, Boyd Hilton, Cheryl Schonhardt-Bailey

     
  131. The Curies

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the scientific achievements of the Curie family, Marie and Pierre and their daughter Irene Joliot-Curie, all three of whom won Nobel Prizes.

    26 March 2015

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    Featuring: Patricia Fara, Robert Fox, Steven T Bramwell

     
  132. The Decadent Movement

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the influence of Baudelaire and Walter Pater on writers and artists in Britain in the 1890s, pursuing art for its own sake and not with moral aims.

    18 November 2021

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    Featuring: Neil Sammells, Kate Hext, Alex Murray

     
  133. The Electron

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the discovery of this atomic particle in 1897 and what our growing knowledge of electrons has revealed about our world and may yet reveal.

    29 September 2022

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    Featuring: Victoria Martin, Harry Cliff, Frank Close

     
  134. The Emancipation of the Serfs

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Tsar Alexander II's 1861 decree that freed 30 million Russians from serfdom, an act of reform that followed Russia's defeat in the Crimean War.

    17 May 2018

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    Featuring: Sarah Hudspith, Simon Dixon, Shane O'Rourke

     
  135. The Enclosures of the 18th Century

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the 18th and 19th century enclosure movement which divided the British countryside both literally and figuratively.

    1 May 2008

    listen ↗

    Featuring: Rosemary Sweet, Murray Pittock, Mark Overton

     
  136. The Fibonacci Sequence

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Fibonacci Sequence, an infinite string of numbers to be found in Renaissance paintings, modern architecture and the structure of flowers.

    29 November 2007

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    Featuring: Marcus du Sautoy, Jackie Stedall, Ron Knott

     
  137. The Four Humours

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the four humours, a medical theory that saw the body as a concoction of four essential juices.

    20 December 2007

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    Featuring: David Wootton, Vivian Nutton, Noga Arikha

     
  138. The Gettysburg Address

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address of 1863, one of the most influential statements of national purpose.

    26 May 2016

    listen ↗

    Featuring: Catherine Clinton, Susan-Mary Grant, Tim Lockley

     
  139. The Gold Standard

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the age of gold, from 1870, when many nations tied their currencies to gold in the hope of economic stability and increasing trade around the world

    20 January 2022

    listen ↗

    Featuring: Catherine Schenk, Helen Paul, Matthias Morys

     
  140. The Great Exhibition of 1851

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the 1851 Great Exhibition. Housed in the magnificent Crystal Palace, the exhibition showcased Victorian Britain's technical ingenuity and industrial might.

    27 April 2006

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    Featuring: Jeremy Black, Hermione Hobhouse, Clive Emsley

     
  141. The Great Irish Famine

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss why so many were vulnerable to the failure of the potato crops in Ireland in the 1840s, what relief was given and why so many died or left.

    4 April 2019

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    Featuring: Cormac O'Grada, Niamh Gallagher, Enda Delaney

     
  142. The Great Reform Act

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Great Reform Act of 1832, a landmark in British political history.

    27 November 2008

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    Featuring: Dinah Birch, Michael Bentley, Catherine Hall

     
  143. The Great Stink

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the impact of the terrible stench of sewage in the Thames in central London in the hot summer of 1858 and the work of Joseph Bazalgette to fix it.

    29 December 2022

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    Featuring: Rosemary Ashton, Stephen Halliday, Paul Dobraszczyk

     
  144. The Haitian Revolution

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Haitian Revolution of 1791-1804.

    23 October 2014

    listen ↗

    Featuring: Kate Hodgson, Tim Lockley, Karen Salt

     
  145. The Haymarket Affair

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the bombing at a Chicago workers' rally in 1886 and the trial, execution and subsequent pardoning of anarchists blamed for inciting the attack.

    3 October 2024

    listen ↗

    Featuring: Ruth Kinna, Christopher Phelps, Gary Gerstle

     
  146. The Indian Mutiny

    Melvyn Bragg and guests Faisal Devji, Shruti Kapila and Chandrika Kaul discuss the Indian Mutiny of 1857 and the rebellion which followed.

    18 February 2010

    listen ↗

    Featuring: Chandrika Kaul, Faisal Devji, Shruti Kapila

     
  147. The Industrial Revolution

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Industrial Revolution, a period of rapid technological development which brought widespread social and intellectual change to Britain.

    23 December 2010

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    Featuring: Jeremy Black, Pat Hudson, William Ashworth

     
  148. The Kalevala

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Finnish epic poem, compiled by Elias Lönnrot in 1835 from runic songs, which helped the cause of Finland's independence from the Russian Empire.

    28 March 2024

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    Featuring: Riitta-Liisa Valijärvi, Thomas A. DuBois, Daniel Abondolo

     
  149. The Later Romantics

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the poetry and idealism of Byron, Shelley and Keats, who all had unconventional lifestyles, strong affinities with southern Europe and classical Greece, and who all died young.

    15 April 2004

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    Featuring: Jonathan Bate, Robert Woof, Jennifer Wallace

     
  150. The Measurement of Time

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the measurement of time and the various methods used for doing so over millennia of human history.

    29 March 2012

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    Featuring: Kristen Lippincott, Jim Bennett, Jonathan Betts

     
  151. The Mexican-American War

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the 1846-48 American war against Mexico, in which America won over a million square kilometres of Mexican territory, including California.

    28 June 2018

    listen ↗

    Featuring: Frank Cogliano, Jacqueline Fear-Segal, Thomas Rath

     
  152. The Mokrani Revolt

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss when Algerians tried to take advantage of French defeat in Europe in 1871 and drive the colonists out, inspiring the later independence movement.

    7 March 2024

    listen ↗

    Featuring: Natalya Benkhaled-Vince, Hannah-Louise Clark, Jim House

     
  153. The Morant Bay Rebellion

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss why people in Jamaica protested in 1865, why the British governor killed so many in response and what then changed on both sides of the Atlantic.

    3 November 2022

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    Featuring: Matthew J Smith, Diana Paton, Lawrence Goldman

     
  154. The Opium Wars

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the Opium Wars, a series of conflicts in the 19th Century which had a profound effect on British Chinese relations for generations.

    12 April 2007

    listen ↗

    Featuring: Yangwen Zheng, Lars Laamann, Xun Zhou

     
  155. The Oxford Movement

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the Oxford Movement which asserted the Catholic tradition of the Church of England in the 19th century.

    13 April 2006

    listen ↗

    Featuring: Sheridan Gilley, Frances Knight, Simon Skinner

     
  156. The Peterloo Massacre

    Melvyn Bragg discusses The Peterloo Massacre on 16 August 1819, when British cavalry charged a vast crowd of protestors in Manchester.

    15 December 2005

    listen ↗

    Featuring: Jeremy Black, Sarah Richardson, Clive Emsley

     
  157. The Poor Laws

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the 19th century legislation intended to discourage poor people from seeking relief instead of work, with handouts replaced by the workhouse

    20 December 2018

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    Featuring: Emma Griffin, Samantha Shave, Steven King

     
  158. The Renaissance

    Melvyn Bragg explores the veracity of modern claims about the Renaissance and whether our current perceptions about its role in cultural history stem from a 19th century historian.

    8 June 2000

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    Featuring: Francis Ames-Lewis, Peter Burke, Evelyn Welch

     
  159. The Rise and Fall of the Zulu Nation

    Melvyn Bragg and guests Saul David, Shula Marks and Saul Dubow discuss the rise and fall of the Zulu Nation.

    15 April 2010

    listen ↗

    Featuring: Saul David, Saul Dubow, Shula Marks

     
  160. The Romantics

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the ideals and legacy of Romanticism, a literary and artistic movement at the turn of the 19th century which gave rise to the great poetry of Wordsworth, Shelley and Keats.

    12 October 2000

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    Featuring: Jonathan Bate, Rosemary Ashton, Nicholas Roe

     
  161. The Royal Society and British Science: Episode 3

    The 19th century blooms scientifically with numerous alternative, specialist learned societies and associations, all threatening the Royal Society's pre-eminence.

    6 January 2010

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    Featuring

     
  162. The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, a collection of Persian poetry translated into English in the 19th century by Edward FitzGerald.

    22 May 2014

    listen ↗

    Featuring: Charles Melville, Daniel Karlin, Kirstie Blair

     
  163. The Samurai

    Melvyn Bragg and guests Gregory Irvine, Nicola Liscutin and Angus Lockyer discuss the history of the Samurai and the role of their myth in Japanese national identity.

    24 December 2009

    listen ↗

    Featuring: Angus Lockyer, Nicola Liscutin, Gregory Irvine

     
  164. The Siege of Paris (1870-71)

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Prussian siege of Paris from 1870 and the Commune which emerged, until that was violently suppressed by French forces in 1871

    16 January 2020

    listen ↗

    Featuring: Karine Varley, Robert Gildea, Julia Nicholls

     
  165. The Sikh Empire

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the rise of the Sikh empire under Ranjit Singh, who became Maharaja of the Punjab at Lahore in 1801 and united most of the Sikh kingdoms.

    7 April 2016

    listen ↗

    Featuring: Gurharpal Singh, Chandrika Kaul, Susan Stronge

     
  166. The Spanish-American War 1898

    Misha Glenny and guests discuss the imperial war in which the US took the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico from Spain and gained greater influence over newly-independent Cuba.

    2 April 2026

    listen ↗

    Featuring: Frank Cogliano, Mary Vincent, Stephen Wilkinson

     
  167. The Taiping Rebellion

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Taiping Rebellion, a Chinese civil war which claimed around 20 million lives in the 19th century.

    24 February 2011

    listen ↗

    Featuring: Rana Mitter, Frances Wood, Julia Lovell

     
  168. The Temperance Movement

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the British experience of teetotalism from the early 19th Century when abstaining from alcohol was a way for the new urban workers to get on in life.

    3 February 2022

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    Featuring: Annemarie McAllister, James Kneale, David Buckingham

     
  169. The Tenant of Wildfell Hall

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Anne Bronte's story of the mysterious Helen Graham who seeks a new independent life as an artist after escaping her abusive, alcoholic husband.

    30 September 2021

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    Featuring: Alexandra Lewis, Marianne Thormählen, John Bowen

     
  170. The Waltz

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss how the waltz changed the relationship between music, people and the wider culture in Britain from its arrival in the early 19th century onwards.

    14 March 2024

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    Featuring: Susan Jones, Derek B. Scott, Theresa Buckland

     
  171. The War of 1812

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the War of 1812, the conflict between America and Great Britain which is sometimes referred to as the second American War of Independence.

    31 January 2013

    listen ↗

    Featuring: Kathleen Burk, Lawrence Goldman, Frank Cogliano

     
  172. Thomas Edison

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the work of Thomas Edison, one of the great inventors and cultural figures of modern America.

    9 December 2010

    listen ↗

    Featuring: Simon Schaffer, Kathleen Burk, Iwan Morus

     
  173. Thomas Hardy's Poetry

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Hardy's poems, which he prized far above the novels which made him famous and rich, and his ambition to be ranked alongside Shelley and Byron.

    13 January 2022

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    Featuring: Mark Ford, Jane Thomas, Tim Armstrong

     
  174. Thomas Paine's Common Sense

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Thomas Paine's pamphlet Common Sense, which was published in 1776 and bolstered support for American independence.

    21 January 2016

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    Featuring: Kathleen Burk, Nicholas Guyatt, Peter Thompson

     
  175. Thoreau and the American Idyll

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the American 19th century writer and philosopher, Henry David Thoreau

    15 January 2009

    listen ↗

    Featuring: Kathleen Burk, Tim Morris, Stephen Fender

     
  176. Time

    Melvyn Bragg examines the history of mankind’s attempt to understand the nature of time. Does it exist independently of our perception of it, or is it merely a figment of our imagination?

    30 December 1999

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    Featuring: Neil Johnson, Lee Smolin

     
  177. Tocqueville: Democracy in America

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Alexis de Tocqueville and his study of the American democratic system, written as an example to France of how democracy might develop there.

    22 March 2018

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    Featuring: Robert Gildea, Susan-Mary Grant, Jeremy Jennings

     
  178. Tolstoy

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the life and times of the 19th century Russian writer Leo Tolstoy, whose novels such as War and Peace gave expression to the compelling moral and social questions of their day.

    25 April 2002

    listen ↗

    Featuring: A. N. Wilson, Catriona Kelly, Sarah Hudspith

     
  179. Tsar Alexander II's assassination

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881, by a gang of Russian terrorists, which led to start of the revolutionary era in Russia.

    6 January 2005

    listen ↗

    Featuring: Orlando Figes, Dominic Lieven, Catriona Kelly

     
  180. Uncle Tom's Cabin

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss 'Uncle Tom's Cabin', the bestselling American novel of the 19th century which has slavery as its central theme.

    8 June 2006

    listen ↗

    Featuring: Celeste-Marie Bernier, Sarah Meer, Clive Webb

     
  181. Victorian Pessimism

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Victorian Pessimism, from Matthew Arnold’s poem Dover Beach to the malign universe of Thomas Hardy’s novels.

    10 May 2007

    listen ↗

    Featuring: Dinah Birch, Rosemary Ashton, Peter Mandler

     
  182. Victorian Realism

    Melvyn Bragg discusses Victorian realism and its focus on the ordinariness of life which contained a complexity and depth previously unseen.

    14 November 2002

    listen ↗

    Featuring: Philip Davis, A. N. Wilson, Dinah Birch

     
  183. Vigée Le Brun

    Misha Glenny and guests discuss the woman who painted Marie Antoinette around 30 times and became arguably the most successful portraitist of her age throughout Europe

    25 June 2026

    listen ↗

    Featuring: Rosalind Polly Blakesley, Robert Wenley, Francesca Whitlum-Cooper

     
  184. Vitalism

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Vitalism, an 18th and 19th century quest for the spark of life and the science behind Frankenstein.

    16 October 2008

    listen ↗

    Featuring: Patricia Fara, Andrew Mendelsohn, Pietro Corsi

     
  185. Wagner

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the life, and legacy of the German composer Richard Wagner, mentor of Nietzsche and disciple of Schopenhauer, who changed the face of 19th century opera.

    20 June 2002

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    Featuring: John Deathridge, Lucy Beckett, Michael Tanner

     
  186. Walt Whitman

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the innovative 19th-century poet, who broke away from European literary traditions to become a key figure in the development of American culture.

    27 April 2023

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    Featuring: Sarah Churchwell, Peter Riley, Mark Ford

     
  187. Weber's The Protestant Ethic

    Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss Max Weber's book The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.

    27 March 2014

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    Featuring: Peter Ghosh, Sam Whimster, Linda Woodhead

     
  188. Wilberforce

    In an unusual edition of In Our Time, marking the 1807 Abolition of the Slave Trade, Melvyn Bragg leaves the studio to examine the life of William Wilberforce.

    22 February 2007

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    Featuring

     
  189. William James's The Varieties of Religious Experience

    Melvyn Bragg and guests Jonathan Ree, John Haldane and Gwen Griffith-Dickson discuss The Varieties of Religious Experience by William James.

    13 May 2010

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    Featuring: Jonathan Rée, John Haldane, Gwen Griffith-Dickson

     
  190. William Morris

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss some of the many aspects of William Morris: his activism, poetry and prose and his ideas on arts, crafts and work in an industrial world.

    5 July 2018

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    Featuring: Ingrid Hanson, Marcus Waithe, Jane Thomas

     
  191. William and Caroline Herschel

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the pioneering brother and sister who, between them, discovered Uranus, comets, double stars and infrared light at the end of the 18th century.

    11 November 2021

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    Featuring: Monica Grady, Carolin Crawford, Jim Bennett

     
  192. Wuthering Heights

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Emily Bronte's story of Heathcliff and Cathy, of love, hatred, revenge and self-destruction across two generations in a remote moorland home.

    28 September 2017

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    Featuring: Karen O'Brien, John Bowen, Alexandra Lewis

     
  193. Yeats and Irish Politics

    Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the poet W.B. Yeats and Irish politics from the suspension of home rule to the division of Ireland.

    17 April 2008

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    Featuring: Roy Foster, Fran Brearton, Warwick Gould

     
  194. Yeats and Mysticism

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the life and beliefs of the Irish Poet W B Yeats and explores how a passion for magic and mysticism served and stood alongside his poetry.

    31 January 2002

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    Featuring: Roy Foster, Warwick Gould, Brenda Maddox

     
  195. Youth

    Melvyn Bragg discusses the history of concepts and ideas on youth including the ancient Greeks, who sought to control it, the Renaissance celebration of its ideals, and today’s youth culture.

    24 April 2003

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    Featuring: Tim Whitmarsh, Thomas Healy, Deborah Thom